19 12 After the Wuchang Uprising broke out in June, British imperialism actively instigated and supported the "Tibet independence" activities of the upper-class reactionaries in Tibet. While "expelling" the Qing government officials stationed in Tibet and forcing the Qing troops stationed in Shigatse, Gyangze and Lhasa to disarm and leave Tibet, they also sent rebels to invade western Sichuan. 19 12 In April, with the support of Britain, Tibetan rebels took advantage of the unstable situation on the edge of Sichuan, successively captured towns and villages and blocked Sichuan-Tibet traffic. Then, they successively captured Jiangka, Chaya, Daocheng, March 8th and Nantun. Litang, Hekou and Yanjing also fell, Batang and Changdu were besieged several times, and Kangding.
Tibet is adjacent to Sichuan and Yunnan, and any danger directly threatens the security of Sichuan and Yunnan. On April 22, Yuan Shikai appointed Yin, the governor of Sichuan, as the commander-in-chief in Tibet, and led the Sichuan army to the western expedition and rose up. In May, Commander Batang wrote to Cai E, the governor of Yunnan, asking for help: "I am on a business trip between Sichuan and Yunnan, so it is difficult to send troops to suppress the Communist Party, and the bandits are fierce. There are more than 10,000 people in Tibet, so guns are quick. Our army ran out of ammunition, the waterway was cut off, the siege broke out, and the whole team returned to Pakistan. Now the towns and villages have fallen, affecting all districts, salt wells are noisy, roads are trapped, ponds are resistant to grain, and there are alarms. Border affairs are related to Sichuan and Yunnan, which is the only way for businessmen to govern neighboring villages. If it is not cleaned up early, the losses in Sichuan and Yunnan will be great. Commander-in-Chief Qi Gui tried his best to maintain it and showed a good plan early. "
Cai E turned a blind eye to the British imperialist plot to invade Tibet and split China. Cai E will never sit idly by and watch the grim situation on the edge of Sichuan. In fact, as early as the beginning of February, Cai E was very concerned about the Tibet rebellion. 12, he sent a message to Li Genyuan: "In recent days, Russia incited independence and Britain sent more troops to Tibet, which are all related to the overall situation and are worth worrying about." On the 20th, Cai E telephoned Yin, then governor of Sichuan, hoping to solve the contradiction between Sichuan and Yunnan and jointly deal with the Tibet crisis: "Now that the Qing emperor abdicated and the north and the south reconciled, Shaanxi affairs should be solved by themselves, but Tibet and Wei, which are sheltered by Yunnan and Sichuan, should cooperate with each other. Now that things in Tibet are unstable, how should we release internal strife to resist foreign aggression? " 2 1, he called the interim President Sun Yat-sen to report that Tibetan rebels had invaded Qamdo and other places, and sent Yunnan troops to divide their troops at the border between Yunnan and Sichuan. On 27th, he sent a telegram to Yin: "Tibet is ordinary in China, and the internal situation is quite unstable. It seems that it is better to operate as soon as possible, so as to avoid endless troubles. " When the situation on the Tibet-Sichuan border further deteriorated, Cai E called Yuan Shikai's Beijing government on April 30th to expose the British separatist activities in Tibet, and pointed out that "Tibet is the sovereign state of China, and outsiders have coveted it for a long time. If I don't do it as soon as possible, the Tibet Self-Defense Force won't be mine. How poor will it be if Xifan withdraws his troops? Please ask the president to make arrangements early, set the border and punish future troubles. " Yuan Shikai replied: "The governor of Sichuan has been ordered to make preparations. The governor should always find out the situation and be prepared in secret. " The next day, Cai E received one for Indian Chinese businessman Lu.
Cai E immediately appointed Yin, chief of staff, as commander after receiving the telegram, and set aside a HunChengLv organization to implement the aid plan for Tibet. However, when choosing the route for the Yunnan Army to enter Tibet, Cai E was quite thoughtful. There are two ways to enter Tibet from Yunnan: one is through Ningyuan and Yazhou, and the other is through Adunzi and Zhongdian Batang. After in-depth analysis, Cai E thinks that both roads need to pass through Batang, Sichuan. After Batang joins forces, the two armies of Yunnan and Sichuan will go the same way. In this way, not only did the Yunnan army take a detour too far, but after the two armies of Yunnan and Sichuan shared the same road, it was easy for the two armies to clash again, because the grievances of the Yunnan army in aiding Sichuan had not been completely eliminated. Therefore, Cai E suggested to Yuan Shikai that the Yunnan Army and the Sichuan Army "go hand in hand separately, and Sichuan will go west along Batang Avenue, and Yunnan will open a new road, which will be exported from Weixi, Chaqi and Mabili, and then go straight to the northwest, with Lhasa as the end point, so as to reach the destination". The reason is: "When this road is opened, Yunnan-Tibet traffic can save thousands of miles, which is especially beneficial to national defense." Due to the "border affairs between Yunnan and Myanmar", Britain has been able to move freely from the north of mount sharp. Last year, it occupied Pianma and other places south of Xiaojiang. Now the millet wave north of Xiaojiang is urgent. I'm afraid that in five years, it will sweep across the country and plunge into Bashu Litang, which will not only hide the dangers, but also endanger Sichuan. It is difficult to rush in now, and if we take advantage of this road, then no matter how the national border expands and contracts in the future, it will be in the place where you are angry and seek the world, while Balitang and Qianzang are still inland. "Obviously, Cai E's proposal was well thought out, which not only took into account the short-term needs of the Yunnan army to counter the Tibetan rebellion at that time, but also had important strategic significance in delineating the border between southwest China and Tibet and strengthening border defense in these areas.
Ai Yin
However, Yuan Shikai's government denied Cai E's route to Tibet, and wrote in its reply: "Among the three routes, there are many detours besides taking Yaning to Batang, so there is no need to discuss them. It will be very difficult and expensive to plan to take the Weixi exit and the Luoyu savage route to Lhasa. Don't rush to help, you can only operate slowly, because it will come from a solid place. But the road from Zhongdian North to Batang is only a thousand miles, and there is a place that can be opened to traffic. Now, it is urgent to save Tibet, and this road is still the best policy ",and Cai E was ordered to" save Batang first, then save Tibet ".
In this regard, Cai E still insisted on his opinion, and then telephoned Yuan Shikai to further state his opinion. He believes that there are four disadvantages in taking the road from Zhongdian North to Batang: "First, the Yunnan army went north to Batang and turned to Qamdo, and the more it circled, the more tired it became;" Second, aid to Sichuan all the way, heavy troops are assembled, and water transportation and replenishment are difficult; Third, in the war of aiding Sichuan, there were many rumors and many Sichuanese, or they felt bad about how to donate money and were forced to travel long distances, which was easy to misunderstand; Four, Batang near the Sichuan side, led by the governor of Sichuan. It is not difficult to point out that the sun is flat, so don't bother Yunnan. There are four advantages for the exit of the city that never sleeps to go to Lhasa via the wild land of Luoyu: "The exit of the city that never sleeps, via Luoyudi, takes Yaba to the northwest, that is, enters Tibet, goes up the Yarlung Zangbo River, turns northwest to Jiamuda, and meets Sichuan-Tibet Avenue there. This is one of the benefits; The wilderness of Nukuluo jade has a warmer climate and richer production, and there is a plain in the middle, which can be reclaimed and is beneficial to the second place. If this road is opened, Yunnan in the south and Sichuan in the east, and the situation is under control, it will be three benefits. it is
After the whole army arrived in Lijiang, Cheng Sui led his troops into two columns, with Zheng as the left column leader, and led four infantry battalions, 1 cavalry unit, 1 artillery unit and 1 machine gun unit, taking the main road and heading for Yanjing County. Jiang Meiling, the right column leader, led the third infantry squadron, a cavalry unit, an artillery unit and a machine gun unit, and took Zhongdian Avenue to Xiangcheng County on the edge of Sichuan. The headquarters and other teams are temporarily stationed in Lijiang. After dividing the army, Yin intends to advance the army of the Western Expedition. Cai E suddenly got a call from the governor of Sichuan, saying that the Sichuan army had besieged Litang and would soon recover it. Needless to say, the Yunnan army went to Batang. Cai E had to order Yin to stay in Adun on the edge of Yunnan temporarily, and then stop in front of the camera.
15 In August, Daniel, the avant-garde commander of Yunnan Western Expedition Army, joined forces with Tibetan rebels in Liutong River in Adong, killing 1 Lama and 16 Tibetan troops. Tibetan rebels retreated to Moli village, 40 kilometers away from the river. Danielle, attack the rebels overnight. The fighting continued until the next afternoon, killing 7 rebels, taking prisoners 1 person, killing more than 20 people who jumped into the river and injuring more than 30 people. There were no casualties in Yunnan troops. After the victory of crossing the river, Yuan Shikai's government summoned Cai E to commend him: "Our army has won many battles, but it is cold and resolute. The commander-in-chief dispatched troops and soldiers to fight bravely, which is commendable. " Yin then ordered Li to advance the poetry department and take the salt well.
The success of the first battle in Yunnan shocked the British imperialist authorities. On August 17, British Ambassador John Newell Jordan "protested" that Yuan Shikai's government sent troops to Tibet to counter the rebellion and put forward five unreasonable demands, including non-interference in Tibet's internal affairs. On September 7th, John Newell Jordan protested again, claiming that if the Beijing government continued to send troops to Tibet, Britain would not recognize the Republic of China and help Tibet "become independent". In addition, if the governor of Sichuan takes over Batang with Yunnan troops at this time, the right arm of the Sichuan army will be completely broken, and the soldiers in the border areas will not be able to contact. He asked Yuan Shikai to quickly stop Yunnan troops from entering Pakistan. Yuan Shikai gave reasons such as "difficulty in raising military funds" and "fear of brewing negotiations".
However, before long, Cai E received a distress call from Gu, Counsellor of Sichuan Army in Batang, saying that after the rebels captured the countryside, a large army swooped down on Batang and surrounded it on all sides. Batang's army was short of food and grass and stuck to its aid. In this case, Cai E sent an urgent telegram, and Yin led two Western Expedition troops to move on to support Batang.
On August 27, Zheng led the left column to attack the salt well at night on the way to Batang and recovered it in one fell swoop. Yan Jingke, eight-dimensional remote analysis. While calling Yuan Shikai, Cai E reported the situation and requested the central government to allocate funds to support the Yunnan army in order to fight again. Yin, the governor of Sichuan, was afraid that the Yunnan army would occupy his territory, that the Yunnan army would take the lead in counterinsurgency, and that Yuan Shikai would "block the Yunnan army from entering". When Yuan Shikai summoned Cai E, he not only refused to allocate funds, but ordered the Yunnan army to "hand over the salt wells to Sichuan Province at the request of the governor of Sichuan, and then withdraw to the border of Yunnan to avoid persecution and complications".
/kloc-In September of 0/6, Cai E called Yuan Shikai according to Yin's opinion and suggested that our army divide into three routes: "A goes to Jiangka, leaves Changdu, B goes to Changchun Dam, C goes, A and B meet in Luolongzong, and then meet with C Division in Jiangda via Sichuan", and then directly take Lhasa to draw a clear line to avoid the conflict between Sichuan and Guizhou. While cooperating, I hope to smooth the initial chaos. And asked for 4 million pounds of funding. On September 20th, Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to Cai E: "The so-called Tibet Aid Festival is dif.
Yin was "furious" after receiving the retreat order, and sent a telegram to the State Council: "If there is a western expedition of the Yunnan army in the future, although the Yunnan army is dead, it is not a hero who takes its soul, nor a spectre who hits its brain." 65438+ 10/6, Yunnan troops left Tibet, 10 10 arrived in Lijiang, and returned to Kunming on February10.
Although Yunnan's aid to Tibet failed to achieve the expected results because of Sichuan's suspicion and Yuan Shikai's compromise with Britain, it effectively dealt a blow to the arrogance of British imperialism and upper-class reactionaries in Tibet, effectively maintained the stability of Yunnan and Sichuan, and also reflected Cai E's patriotic thought and strong determination to oppose Tibet's "independence", resist British imperialist aggression and safeguard national territorial integrity.
In particular, Cai E, who is well versed in international law, put forward the route of "from exporting to Lhasa through savages" and "occupying ahead of time", which made the future border line far between anger, autumn and savages, not near western Sichuan and Qianzang, which further reflected his foresight. However, because Yuan Shikai's government failed to adopt Cai E's suggestion, Cai E was unfortunately right.
One year after Yunnan withdrew its troops, that is, 19 13 and 10, Britain forced Yuan Shikai's government to send representatives to attend the tripartite meeting he planned in Simla, India, to discuss the so-called demarcation of Tibet inside and outside. During the meeting, Henry McMahon, the British representative and foreign minister of the British-Indian government, lured Shaza, a representative of the local government of Tibet, to conduct private transactions behind the representative of the central government of China by giving Tibet guns and ammunition, supporting Tibet's "independence" and helping Tibet expel the Han army. 1965438+On March 24, 2004, through a secret exchange of letters, he signed the map of the border between Tibet and India, taking the Himalayan ridge as the boundary, so that the gate corner between Tibet and Luoyu was included in the Chinese territory. This line in the secret exchange is the so-called "McMahon line". Because this McMahon line is a dirty transaction of "land for independence" carried out by the British and Shazha people behind the back of the China government, it is totally illegal in terms of its legal status. At that time, the British government also felt the injustice of concocting this "McMahon line", so it kept it a secret for a long time and dared not make it public. It was not until 24 years later, that is, in 1938, that the British and Indian governments changed their past painting methods, which was the same as the traditional customary boundary line advocated by China, and drew the "McMahon Line" with "uncalibrated" symbols. After the "McMahon Line" was thrown out, it was certainly impossible to be recognized by the China government. However, despite the loyal opposition of the Indian government in the spring of 1943, the British and Indian governments took advantage of the civil war between War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and China to brazenly occupy a large area south of the McMahon Line, and formally announced the establishment of the Northeast Frontier Special Administrative Region to take charge of all administrative affairs in the area south of the McMahon Line. This is also the first time since 19 14 that the British and Indian governments have brought this disputed area under official jurisdiction. Subsequently, the British and Indian governments successively set up military forts in Walloon, an important stronghold in Chayu area, Riga in Luoyu area and Lupa, south of Tiranzong in Menyu area. 1947 When India became independent, the British government handed over the illegally occupied China territory to the Indian government, which led to India's illegal occupation of China territory.