British national history and cultural tradition
The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Judging from the historical development of its entire nation and war, there have been many ethnic entanglements in the middle. For example, people from the Mediterranean came to England in BC, and King Wessex unified England in 829. By September 20 14 and 18, Scotland decided whether to remain in Britain or become an independent sovereign state, and finally decided to keep the integrity of Britain. As we all know, the most familiar thing is that Britain withdrew from the EU referendum in 20 16, and finally left the European Union.
These four ethnic groups have all formed their own countries with their own cultures and traditions, among which England is the dominant ethnic group. In the middle of the 20th century, Northern Ireland became a part of Britain. Scotland was once an independent kingdom. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the king of Scotland entered England and unified England and Scotland in the following time. Wales first adopted the complete alliance of England and Wales, and always followed the laws of England, so it was the first to accept English culture.
Judging from the local ethnic groups in Britain, the historical development of national cultures and their grievances also determine the existence of such a multicultural situation in Britain, leading to the diversification of the education system. The main cultural traditions include religious culture, liberal culture, conservative consciousness and gentleman culture. Religious culture is an indispensable link in primary and secondary education and occupies a very important position in education. The other is the liberal tradition. Britain is a country that advocates freedom and is called the hometown of liberalism. The struggle to resist and restrict kingship is also reflected in education. Conservatism has a great influence on the national curriculum in Britain. Britain respects tradition and highly respects social system customs and social practice traditions. Gentleman's thought is mainly reflected in two aspects in education: first, in quality, it is to cultivate gentleman's demeanor and pay attention to inner virtue. Second, in terms of quantity, the restrictions on the educated are relatively strict, mainly at the top stage.
Britain also abides by national laws in education legislation, one is Scottish legal system, the other is Northern Ireland, and the other is England and Wales, forming three different systems. According to the British Constitution, in order to maintain the national culture and social traditions in different regions, the education system in different regions can be different under the unified norms and models.
British local education system
Regarding the school curriculum system, England, Wales and Northern Ireland implement the British national curriculum, while only Scotland implements excellent curriculum, but there is no unified national curriculum. The British national curriculum is mainly influenced by conservatism. It should provide a wide range of learning resources, and it should not be limited to the needs of economy and occupation in order to achieve the curriculum objectives. It should consider the inheritance of culture. What is emphasized here is national consciousness, national cultural heritage, orthodox Christianity, morality and family values. The education system in Scotland was established very early, and unified educational principles were formulated as early as 65438+the beginning of the 6th century. Before 1707 was ruled by Britain, it had actually formed a national education system with the best school education in the world. Historically, the 1696 Act stipulated that every parish should set up primary schools, which was the first to popularize public education. Its college students and graduate students account for the largest proportion of the total population in Europe. In PISA test, the level of subject test is also higher than that in England.
About the British national curriculum is mainly divided into three parts, the core subjects are mathematics, English and science, which are implemented in the basic education stage. Basic subjects include history, geography, science and technology, music, fine arts, sports and modern foreign languages, and all public schools must offer religious courses. Excellent courses in Scotland are mainly achieved through three levels of cooperation, one is the evaluation of the curriculum management Committee, the other is the independent evaluation of teachers, and the third is the academic certification of the Scottish Academic Certification Authority. The development of top-quality courses has actually been gradually established in the past decade. The main development is actually the traditional culture of Scotland, emphasizing the cultivation of successful learners, confident individuals, responsible citizens and positive contributors. Values are mainly embodied in wisdom, fairness, kindness and integrity. The whole curriculum design emphasizes the foundation, and considers from the aspects of breadth, advance, advancement and coherence. In addition, there are some new principles, such as emphasizing the challenge, the depth of the course, personalized choice and the relevance of the content. The general principle of curriculum evaluation in Scotland is not to let exams guide the curriculum, but to take learners as the center.
Generally speaking, the characteristics of secondary education in Britain are that education is open to all school-age students, and the curriculum emphasizes information exchange and technology application. The national curriculum in England and Wales has such characteristics. First, pay attention to the balance and breadth of the curriculum, pay attention to religious education with Christianity as the main body, and realize the partnership between the central government, local governments, teachers and non-governmental educational groups. Northern Ireland is directly under the jurisdiction of the British central government, so the British national curriculum is also implemented. Besides national courses, there are six interdisciplinary course courses. These six interdisciplinary course also reflect the inheritance of Northern Ireland culture. The main idea of Scottish education is to pay attention to the fairness of faith, class, region and gender.
How to carry out traditional culture education in English-speaking countries' courses
England has a national policy to guide the realization of traditional education in primary and secondary schools. On the website of the British Ministry of Education, a cultural white paper has just been released this year, which mainly expounds how Britain will support the development of British traditional culture in the next few years. British traditional culture has played a very important role on the world stage, and it has played an important role in building a fair, prosperous and leading country, including all British people sharing culture. Britain's cultural wealth should be spread all over the country, and the power of culture can enhance Britain's international status, cultural input and reform. It was their classical musicians and scholars who initially initiated the reform of traditional culture education, mainly thinking about what traditional cultures there are in Britain and how to teach and learn them in the curriculum.
Here are two cases. One is a very good public school in Britain, a boys' school, Queen Elizabeth School, which was established at the end of 19 and has a long history. Pay special attention to continuing education, and pay attention to the combination of the skills students have learned with their future life and work. Give students enough freedom to choose courses. The school also provides scholarships and free study grants for students with financial difficulties. The school accepts applications from students all over the world with an open mind and is famous for its tolerance and openness. It is worth mentioning that the school has always emphasized "customized education". A "one-on-one" program has been set up: students can freely combine for counseling at lunch time or after school. This not only helps students with learning difficulties, but also provides extra guidance for students with spare capacity. There is no obstacle between students and teachers, and teachers are very willing to help talented students develop their potential. Their English classes are devoted to cultivating children's love for literature at all stages. In KS3, children take a course every half semester to improve their reading skills, writing skills and listening and speaking skills. Challenging activities always run through the classroom and homework, including: writing prose and poetry, writing novels, writing narratives, debating, making exhibition works for specific activities and audiences, comparing texts with scripts, etc. KS3' s courses include seventh-grade tourism and exploration, eighth-grade Shakespeare's plays and monologues, and ninth-grade poetry debate. Children will be tested in reading, writing or listening and speaking every semester. Drama is also part of the English curriculum. KS3 children will write a play and perform each unit to deepen their understanding of people and the environment. Outside the classroom, the drama club is also open to all students and holds a drama festival every year.
Another case is North London College School, which is a very good private girls' school with a long history. Its main feature is to provide rich extracurricular courses outside the classroom. It contains many traditional cultures. Since the school was founded 160 years ago, the school has been inheriting the school-running concept at that time, and all the girls have become independent, pioneering, confident and motivated students. These are not only reflected in achievements, but also in art, music, drama and so on. In the past ten years, Britain has won the title of advanced middle school twice in a row. Let's take a look at the off-campus clubs in grades 7-9. Seminars and debates are held among students every week, and famous scholars outside the school are invited to teach. This club mainly carries out activities in groups, and they will show students the results of research, such as the history of desserts, the history of drug selection and so on. There will also be a regular high-level club, which mainly focuses on the political events of the country, the influence of history and the influence of their national culture.
Excellent courses in Scotland embody the essence of traditional culture and education.
Regarding the traditional culture education in Scotland, here are two cases of schools.
The drama curriculum of Wood Primary School adopts the combination of information technology. This school is a newly established primary school, located in the south of Hamilton. There are 14 classrooms, including meeting rooms, interview rooms, computer classrooms, libraries, restaurants, gyms and some rest areas, which provide a platform for teachers and students to learn and teach. At present, there are 13 classes with 340 students.
As a new school, they have developed an excellent course integrating information technology. Through this course, they hope to use information technology effectively in class, study with children and improve their ability in this field. Based on this, the school allows children to use basic information and communication technologies at least once a week. Children are interested in creating their own plays and are immersed in the activities of creating short plays together. Through this special course, you can use the application of communication and information technology to stimulate children's creativity. You can also ask your child what you want to learn, what you already know and what you are really interested in. The teacher's next plan should be decided by understanding the child's willingness to learn. The school encourages children to broaden their horizons and learn to express themselves through activities.
Another case is about the culture group of Tox Primary School, studying literature. This primary school is located in the center of Edinburgh. The school provides first-class facilities and teachers for students, and is willing to accept students from different regions, cultures and languages to study together. The school emphasizes that parents and teachers should jointly cultivate students' interest in learning. Mainly use cultural groups to encourage students to evaluate themselves and learn from themselves. In this case, the teacher teaches Grade 6 and Grade 7 in a primary school. She hopes to set goals hard in the learning process and finally complete the task smoothly. At the same time, she also hopes to carry out more self-evaluation and self-learning, and reflect these in students' homework so that students can see their progress. The ratio of the time they spend cooperating in cultural learning to the time they spend studying by themselves is 1: 1.
This kind of teamwork is very useful after graduation. In the sixth to seventh grades of primary school, students finish their homework at home first and show it in groups when they cooperate. Children choose novels to read in the first week and plan what to read next week. Children should ask some questions about novels. For example, if a child is an illustrator, he needs to find some pictures in the novel to create, and use imaginative works to express the culture of the times embodied in the novel. The sixth grade students change roles in the group every week. Students need to find interesting or difficult words in the article and understand their meanings by looking them up in the dictionary. Students will like this job very much, because understanding these words is very challenging.
After that, they will discuss the reading part together in class, report their achievements and ask questions to the group members. Questioners need to ask questions to other members of the group, which is a good job in the group, so that they can know what others think. Each member of the group will have the benefits of different jobs, which makes it easy for students to find different opinions and study together. If children often evaluate themselves in this way, their self-confidence will become stronger and stronger in the learning process. They can do better if they start working together to complete tasks at an early age and often reflect on themselves. Slowly, they will form a habit, and in the sixth to seventh grades, they will unconsciously want to do so. In this excellent course, if you finish the task alone, it means that it is difficult for one person to finish all the work of the group alone, and it is difficult to read the script, novel and classical novel. So working in groups can save a lot of time and help each other.
Scotland's excellent curriculum is the embodiment of culture, and the transformation from concept to classroom and then to extracurricular is a case that can be imitated to reflect traditional culture.
The core literacy of Chinese students' development has completed the main frame research and will be applied to the subject teaching in primary and secondary schools in China. Among them, the traditional cultural analysis based on core literacy pays attention to the feelings of home and country, social care, personality cultivation and cultural cultivation. If we put China's traditional culture into specific curriculum teaching, it will also be the focus of our next curriculum reform. Excellent courses in Scotland provide us with good enlightenment.