Tusi is the leader of the original nation, and officials are appointed by the central government. Returning home is conducive to eliminating the backwardness of the chieftain system and strengthening the central government's rule over some ethnic minority areas in southwest China. After the reform, there were still some chieftains rebelling, the biggest one being Wumeng chieftain rebelling.
Reasons for reform:
In order to solve the long-standing disadvantages of chieftain's separatist regime, most rulers in Ming and Qing dynasties advocated the policy of changing soil into water. That is to say, the hereditary system of chieftain should be abolished where conditions are ripe, and the government, Ministry, state and county should be set up, and the floating officials with a certain term should be assigned to manage it.
Tusi system is a management system implemented in southwest and southeast minority areas in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was developed from the Jimi county system in the Tang and Song Dynasties, that is, the leaders of ethnic minorities were appointed as chieftains and local officials.
Grant them the power to govern their areas according to local traditional customs. Hereditary office, in a word, is "governing local people with local officials". In the border areas, the court even allowed the toast to keep the army.
In the case of low productivity, inconvenient transportation and great cultural differences, the toast system. It has played a certain positive role. But the chieftain has been an official for generations, dominating one side, and some of them are arbitrary and violate the law and discipline.
Political oppression and economic plunder of the people of China. Tusi provoked fights or wars for power and interests, which led to the loss of life and impermanence in the imperial court. With the development of society, the toast system has become more and more decadent and backward, and it has become inevitable to abolish it.
In the Ming Dynasty, it was already planning to abolish the chieftain system, and set up government, agency, state and county institutions in minority areas instead, and sent floating officials for a certain term to directly manage it. This method is called "turning soil into streams".
The early reforms were mild. In case the local toast system is abolished and replaced by floating officials, such as the death of local toast, mutual vendetta or suppression of rebellion among local toast, and the dismissal of local toast due to crime.
Extended data:
Reform achievements:
After returning to their homeland, some top chiefs were unwilling to fail and kept trying to recover. However, some Qing troops plundered in the new area, and some officials were not good at management. They suddenly raised taxes, sent corvees, accepted bribes and extorted money.
In addition, most of the newly built flood camps were transferred from neighboring areas, which caused the original area to be empty. This not only gave the original toast an excuse to rebel, but also gave them an opportunity.
In the spring of the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Shangmiao people in Guzhou and Taigong areas of Guizhou encouraged the people to launch a rebellion. Rebels went deep into Danjiang, Ping Huang, Kaili and other counties, but Yong Zhengdi sent troops to suppress them.
After Emperor Qianlong succeeded to the throne, he appointed Zhang Guangsi as the manager of seven provinces. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), the rebellion was put down, and the Qing court ordered the abolition of taxes in the new area, and tried civil disputes according to local customs, so as to consolidate the rule of the area where land was changed into water.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Gai Tu Gui Liu