Yan Yuan sighed and said, The higher you climb, the harder you drill. Look ahead, suddenly how come back. Master is good at seduction, giving me articles and asking me to be polite, but he can't stop. I have exhausted my talents, if I make a difference. Although I wanted to follow, there was no reason in the end. (Chapter 11 of Zi Han) (Yan Yuan lamented: Teachers' knowledge and morality are getting higher and higher, and the more they learn, the deeper they become. It seems to guide you in front, and suddenly it seems to push you behind. The teacher induced us step by step, enriched my knowledge with classics, and restrained my actions with etiquette, so that I could not stop moving forward. I tried my best, and it seems that I have improved some achievements. However, I still can't keep up with him. What Yan Hui is talking about here is Confucius' exhortation to learn, to cultivate students' awareness of learning, to stimulate students' enthusiasm for learning, and to guide students to enrich their knowledge step by step and integrate theory with practice through learning and thinking. Good persuasion is the main form of Confucius' inspiring teaching. Confucius answered student Zhang Zi's question:
Confucius said: it is rare to listen to doubts more and think carefully about the rest; If you see more mistakes, if you talk about the rest carefully, you will regret less. ("Governance" Chapter 18) (Confucius said: Listen more, have doubts for the time being, discuss other parts seriously, and make fewer mistakes; If you want to read more books, you can keep what you can't figure out for the time being and discuss other parts seriously, which can reduce regrets. ) Learning mentioned by Confucius never refers to learning from books, but always advocates learning in practice at the same time. The learning methods are "learning by asking more questions" and "thinking by asking more questions". He guides students to observe life, listen to all kinds of opinions, and "choose good and follow it"; More importantly, think independently, ask more questions about books, documents and everything, and dare to find problems. To learn, smell and see means to possess materials, doubt and think, find problems, think and analyze, and then carefully test them in practice. Guiding students to listen to questions, ask questions, think closely and test their knowledge in practice is another form of Confucius' enlightenment teaching.
Confucius said: No anger, no anger, no resentment. If an angle is not reversed by three angles, there will be no more. Confucius said: teach students not to enlighten them until they want to understand, really don't understand, and don't inspire them until they want to say, but they really can't express. Say one direction and he can't infer the other three directions, so he won't go on. What is "no resentment"? (There is a question mark here) Zhu explained: "Angry people, they want to get passed, but they don't. ..... Kai, to open his heart. " It means that students want to understand a problem, but they can't get to the point after thinking for a long time. At this time, the teacher should enlighten him, so that he can suddenly realize.
What is "no sorrow and no hair"? (There is a question mark here) Zhu explained: "People who are anxious have a look of incomprehension. ..... hair, to achieve its words. " It means that students can't express their views fluently if they want to express themselves. At this time, the teacher will inspire him and give him appropriate instructions so that the students can express themselves clearly.
What do you mean by "holding a corner but not a triangle"? (There is a question mark here) Corner, here refers to the direction. For example, a compass points to the south. Anyone who looks at the compass knows that the south is convenient and can infer the east, west, north and south. This sentence has evolved into the idiom "draw inferences from one instance to another" in later generations. "Reply", Zhu's comment is "Say it again". Confucius said that students can't "extrapolate" what they have learned, and he no longer talks about new knowledge.
"Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't worry, don't be angry" enables students to give full play to their subjective initiative, activate the brain, an organ for thinking and memory storage, and form their own new knowledge under the guidance of teachers. Through the implementation of such heuristic teaching, the educated can open their hearts, think positively and gain real wisdom. A kind of knowledge, if it can't be absorbed by the movement of its own brain, can't be reasoned and used flexibly. It's just dead knowledge, which can't be transformed into wisdom and talent. "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be angry" and achieve "draw inferences from others", which is another important teaching form inspired by Confucius.
Confucius also asked students to "draw inferences from others". The Analects of Confucius recorded his dialogue with student Zi Gong:
Zi Gong said, "Poor without flattery, rich without arrogance? (There is a question mark here) "Confucius said," Yes; If you are not poor, you will be happy, and those who are rich and courteous will also be. " What does Zi Gong mean when he says, "There is a cloud in the poem,' incisive as a measure, incisive as a mill'? Confucius said, "If you give it, you can tell those who knew it before that the poem is over." (Chapter 15 of the Book of Learning) (Zi Gong said: "Poor but not flattering, rich but not arrogant?" (There is a question mark here) "Confucius said, OK; But it is not as good as those poor people who are still happy, rich and love etiquette. "Zi Gong said:" The Book of Songs says that cultivation, like processing jade into exquisite objects, needs to be studied and pondered. Is that so? Confucius said, "Duanmu Ci, I can start discussing the Book of Songs with you. I will tell you what happened, and you can know what happened later. " ) Zi Gong's famous Duanmu Ci. He said that "being poor but not flattering, being rich but not arrogant" was originally good, and Confucius's answer "being poor but not happy, being rich and polite" inspired him to improve his understanding. From the two poems in The Book of Songs, Zi Gong further realized that people's cultivation should be constantly studied and pondered in order to reach a perfect state. So he was praised by Confucius because he was inspired by his teacher, quoted his existing knowledge and raised his understanding to a new level through personal thinking. This kind of learning is analogy, that is, after mastering the knowledge of something, you can make analogy when you are in contact with similar things. The best teaching method for teachers in teaching is not to instill knowledge into students one by one, but to be good at inspiring students to use logical reasoning in learning, from one to two and three.
The Analects of Confucius also records that Confucius' teaching often adopts the method of discussion and question and answer, which is also a form of inspiring teaching. The teacher asked the students questions first, and the students answered. If the answer is correct, the teacher will give affirmation; When the answer is wrong, the teacher gives heuristic correction to guide the correct thinking.
Confucius' enlightening teaching and his requirements of "drawing inferences from others" and "drawing inferences from others" are many times better than the "perfusion teaching" and "exam-oriented education" that are common in most schools today. "Perfusion teaching", also known as "cramming" teaching and "exam-oriented education", is actually rote learning. At present, the disadvantages of the two have developed to a serious degree, so it is necessary for us educators to learn from Confucius' teaching thoughts.