Confucius (55 BC1-479) was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The name is Lu. According to the Family History of Confucius, the year of Confucius' birth is generally recorded as twenty-two years of Duke Xiang of Lu, but the Historical Records does not record his date and birthday, and the Biography of Gu Liang records that Confucius was born in October. Converted into the current Gregorian calendar, it should be born on September 8 +0, 5565438 BC.
Confucius was born in Shandong. Lu, his son, is the fief of Boqin, where intact cultural relics and ancient books of the Zhou Dynasty are preserved and known as the "hometown of rites and music". In the 29th year of Duke Xiang of Lu (544 BC), Wu's son was amazed at Lu. In the second year of Lu (the first 540 years), the doctor of Jin Dynasty visited Lu, and after reading it, he praised "Zhou Li is in Lu!" Lu's cultural tradition and academic decline at that time had a great influence on the formation of Confucius' thought.
Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined. He once said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I worked as a "Commissioner" (in charge of granaries) and a "farmer" (in charge of cattle and sheep). Although Confucius lived in poverty, he was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen. He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we have a threesome, we must learn from each other. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " (The Analects of Confucius) He never tires of learning from an ordinary teacher. The villagers also praised him as "knowledgeable".
Confucius "stood at thirty" and began to give lectures. Whoever brings a little "Liang Xiu" will be accepted as a student. Such as Yan Lu, Ceng Dian, Luz, Berniu, You Ran, Zigong and Yan Yuan. Is one of the early disciples. Lu Zhishen's sons, Meng and Nangong, both came to learn etiquette, which shows the merits of Confucius in running a school. The establishment of private schools broke the tradition of "learning is in the official" and further promoted the downward movement of academic culture.
After the founding of Lu, the regime was in the hands of Sanhuan, headed by Ji. In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up the military power of the Lu army. Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "eight steps of court dance". In the 25th year of Zhao Gong (5 17 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The ruler of Qi is doctor Chen. Although he likes Confucius' words, he can't use them.
Confucius was frustrated in the state of Qi, so he returned to Lu. "He retired to learn poetry, books, rituals and music, and his disciples attracted many people.". People come from far away to study in almost all the waiting countries. At that time, Lu was under the control of Ji, and Ji was controlled by his retainer. Confucius was dissatisfied that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and was unwilling to be an official. He said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me."
In the ninth year of Lu (50 1 year), Yang Huo was expelled and Confucius was appointed as the commander of the capital of Lu at the age of 5 1 year. "After a year's work, it's dry on all sides." Therefore, it all moved to Sikong and was promoted to be a big shepherd. In the tenth year of Lu (the first 500 years), Confucius attended the Qilu Oracle Bone Conference. Confucius believed that "those who have military affairs must have weapons, and those who have military affairs must have weapons." Early prevention frustrated the premeditated plan to hijack the Lu army by force, and recovered the land of Lu' an, Guanfu and tortoise occupied by Qi through diplomatic means. In the 12th year of Ding Dynasty (498 BC), in order to strengthen public office and contain Sanhuan, Confucius cited the ancient system that "the family does not hide armor, and the city has no pheasants", and put forward the plan of "reducing the three capitals", which was implemented through Ren Jishi's sub-road. Because Confucius took advantage of the contradiction between Sanhuan and courtiers, Ji Sun and his uncle Sun Shi agreed to destroy Fei Yi and Houyi respectively. Dan Shi was incited by his ministers, the people and his father and opposed the siege. It is impossible to set up a public encirclement. Confucius' plan was frustrated.
Confucius was an official of the State of Lu. People in the State of Qi were afraid that the State of Lu would become powerful and merge with themselves, so they enjoyed their daughters in the State of Lu and Ji. Ji was entertained by seven women and refused to listen to political affairs for three days. It is difficult for Confucius to exert his political restraint, so he led more than ten disciples, including Yan Hui, Luz, Zigong and Ran Qiu, to leave the "land of parents" and began a wandering career of 14 years. Confucius was 55 years old that year. Chen went to defend the country first, received courtesy first, and then was monitored for fear of being convicted. After crossing the quarry, he was besieged for five days. After the pass, I wanted to go to Jin in Puzhi, but I had to go back to Wei because of the civil strife in Jin. I met Nanzi, which aroused many doubts. Wei Linggong was lazy in politics and didn't need Confucius. Confucius said, "If you use me, it will take only one month and three years." The guards were in chaos at home, and Confucius left Wei Cao Jing to send Song directly. Sima Huankui of the Song Dynasty tried to kill Confucius. When he disguised himself as Zheng of the Song Dynasty, Confucius was sixty years old. Later, Confucius traveled to and from Cai Chen many times, which was "between Cai Chen and Cai Chen". According to historical records, King Zhao of Chu came to hire Confucius, and Dr. Chen and Dr. Cai surrounded Confucius, causing famine for seven days. After the clearance, Confucius went to Chu, and soon King Zhao of Chu died. Wei wants to use Confucius. Confucius answered Lutz's question and said that "correcting the name" must be the first thing in politics. After returning to Wei, Confucius was regarded as a "sage", but it was still useless. In the eleventh year (484 BC), Ran returned to Lu and led the army to defeat the Qi army in Lang. Ji Kangzi sent someone to greet Confucius with coins. Confucius returned to Lu at the age of sixty-eight.
After Confucius returned to Lu, people in Lu praised "the country is old". At first, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked each other about political affairs, but they were not reused. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education. In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.
The division of Confucius' disciples occurred after Confucius' death. Confucius' disciples were a relatively United interest group before his death, although there were many contradictions and conflicts between them, perhaps because of the charisma of Confucius' personal personality. Gu Jiegang said in Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period and Confucius in the Han Dynasty: "Confucius is a talented person, a purposeful person and a warm-hearted person, so everyone hopes that he will become a saint so that his consciousness can help the world. Before Confucius became famous, there were many people's central figures, such as Zi Han of Song State, Zi Chan of Zheng State, Shu Xiang of Jin State, Yan Ying of Qi State and Qi Apollo of Wei State. But they have been officials all their lives and have no spare capacity to teach their disciples. Only Confucius, because he has no ambition all his life, has many disciples and his thoughts have been publicized for him, so his personality is particularly great. Since Confucius suffered, his disciples have taken them back, which has become a great force, nicknamed Confucianism. " It can be seen that the strength of Confucius' power is closely related to Confucius' personal character in addition to the objective environment.
Confucius devoted his life to politics but failed, so he had to recruit disciples to engage in education. It is they who praise Confucius like the stars and the moon, and they inherit and spread Confucius' theory. It is conceivable that if Confucius did not have these loyal disciples, he might still be a saint, but his theory might not be as long and wide as later.
Of course, these thousands of disciples did not study Confucius at the same time, otherwise, according to the material conditions at that time, it seems that the diet and daily life of these people will become a big problem. The real situation may be that these disciples studied Confucius at different stages of his life, and the early disciples and the later disciples may not have contacted or met each other. Of course, the education they received and the influence of Confucius should be different with the evolution of Confucius' ideological realm, or each has its own strengths. According to Confucius' self-evaluation in his later years, among his disciples, if roughly classified, it can probably be divided into several situations. One is outstanding in virtue, such as Yan Yuan, Min Zikai, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong; Second, they are outstanding in political affairs, such as You Ran and Lu Ji. Third, the speech was outstanding, such as "Kill me, pay tribute"; Fourthly, in literature, Ziyou and Xia Zi can make great achievements. As for other well-known disciples, Confucius commented: "The teacher () is also established, and the ginseng (Zeng Shen) is also Lu, and Chai is also stupid. From Luz, his return to Yan Hui is also empty. " If you don't give an order, Huo Zhi can't do anything, but a hundred million won't be spared. Everyone seems to have their own advantages and disadvantages.
Perhaps because Confucius had a real understanding of these excellent disciples, Confucius paid special attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and cultivating specialized talents with expertise and skills. He said: "people above average can verbally;" Under the people of China, you can't speak. "Therefore, from the existing literature, it is not difficult to find that the focus of Confucius' explanation and answer to the same question is generally different on different occasions or because of different objects. In this way, Confucius' educational method is not only full of personality and characteristics, but also easier to understand the problems we will discuss. That is to say, the reason why Confucius disciples are good at learning and skills is closely related to Confucius' teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and cultivating them separately, in addition to their talent and personality. Furthermore, apart from the external environment, the academic division and differentiation of Confucius' post-study is likely to be related to Confucius' educational method.
Does this mean that Confucius treats his disciples differently in teaching content, or there are different levels? In fact, according to credible records, the classics compiled by Confucius are mainly used to teach disciples, and the "textbooks" that disciples rely on are probably the documents deleted by Confucius, said Confucius? Quot Confucius taught four things: writing, action, loyalty and faith. Absolute four: no intention, no ambition, no reality, no ego. Caution: Qi, war and illness. Zi Han talks about interests, life and kindness. If you don't get angry, don't start work, don't take a dime, don't take a triangle, and you will recover. "All these can prove that Confucius still has common principles and teaching contents while teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. In other words, when Confucius educated his disciples, on the one hand, he followed some common principles and values, so that these disciples had common beliefs and values, and these beliefs and standards were the internal reasons why they became descendants of Confucianism and achieved early Confucian groups; On the other hand, Confucius paid special attention to the personality and talents of his disciples, but at the same time he seemed to treat them differently according to their different situations.
Based on the latter consideration, we can see that although Confucius' disciples did not set up another door before his death, in fact, these disciples were good at learning and specialized in skills, which laid the foundation for the development and differentiation of Confucianism later. "The Auxiliary Records of Sages" said that the biography of "Poetry" was a Confucian satirist; Meng's Biography of Books is the ultimate goal of dredging Confucianism. Gongsun Sheng's Yi Zhuan is a pure and implicit Confucianism. Although this detailed and clear statement came out late, it does not have reliable historical value. Of course, there is no need to believe it. But in any case, we should believe that Confucius' so-called disciple learning is specialized; I'm afraid it means keeping one or several academic fields and engaging in one or several specialized research. According to the literature analysis of Confucius in Qin and Han Dynasties, Liu's Textbook of Confucian Classics holds that there are 3,000 disciples of Confucius, and 72 of them are proficient in six arts. Therefore, Ceng Zi wrote the Book of Filial Piety to remember Confucius' words about filial piety; In the summer, the philosophers assembled the Biography of Confucius and compiled the Analects of Confucius, and the study of the Six Classics also had its own special book. The Book of Changes was studied by Confucius, and later passed on as a bow, and later as Tian He. Confucian classics was taught to Qi Diaokai by Confucius, but the teacher said that it was not passed on, but that Confucius passed on his books and nine passed on Confucius. The study of The Book of Songs spread from Confucius to Xia Zi and from six generations to Xun Qing. The study of Spring and Autumn Annals spread from Zuo Qiuming to Xun Qing. "Ram" and "Gu Liang" spread in summer, one because the ram was given a high height in summer, and the other because the ram was given a red beam in summer.
Among the three classics of Li and Yue, there are many disciples of Confucius handed down from generation to generation, such as Zi Gong, while Zi You and Ru Bei are more profound than Yue. During the Six Kingdoms period, the Li Jing was handed down from generation to generation by Gongsun Nizi and Wu Shishi, while Confucius disciples wrote The Doctrine of the Mean (such as Xia Zi) and seventy disciples wrote The Great Scholar. Another disciple of Xia Zi went on to explain the Six Classics. Although Liu's parallelism is not credible in details, it is enough to show that the later development and differentiation of Confucianism is no accident. As far as its academic origin is concerned, it really benefits from Confucius' teaching in accordance with his aptitude and his disciples' expertise in learning and skills.
As mentioned above, the basic situation of Confucius' disciples can already see the clue of the inevitable differentiation of Confucianism. But this split happened after the death of Confucius. In 479 BC, that is, in Lu Aigong's summer calendar1February 6 1 1 day, Confucius finally walked the bumpy road for 73 years and died suddenly. According to Confucius, Confucius was buried in the north of Lucheng, and all his disciples lost their lives for three years. After three years of mourning, I left. Only my son Gan (Gong) stayed at home for six years and then left. Monks and monks have more than 100 rooms, so they are called "Kong Li" because of their orders. According to legend, Lu 18 years old went to Confucius' home to give a speech, and Confucianism also talked about drinking at Confucius' home. Obviously, although Confucius' disciples have different studies, out of the same respect for Confucius, it is estimated that when they mourn for Confucius for three years, they may not have different divisions.
The division of Confucius' post-learning probably occurred at or after his disciples lost their eyes for three years. According to "On Mencius and Teng Wengong", when the disciples of Confucius mourned for Confucius for three years, they "returned to the post of overseer", bowed to Zigong, wept at each other, and then returned. Zi Gong returned, built a room in the field and lived alone for three years. And then return. Another day, Xia Zi, Zhang Zi and Zi You looked like Confucius, wanted to learn from Confucius, and asked Ceng Zi for permission. Ceng Zi is firmly opposed to this. He said, "Impossible." Jiang Han, Qiu Yang and violence are not enough. "
Originally, according to the basic pattern formed before the death of Confucius, after the death of Confucius, as an interest group or academic group, it seems unnecessary and will not be divided too much. Even though Zi Gong was not qualified and capable to be the leader of Confucius, he was the most proud disciple of Confucius in his later years. The deep affection between them seemed to help Zi Gong unite and safeguard Confucius' disciples after his death. According to historical records, Confucius family? Quot Confucius is ill. Please look at Zigong. Confucius went out with a stick and said, "Here, how late is makeup?" Obviously, Confucius placed considerable expectations on Zi Gong.
Perhaps it is for this reason, and Zi Gong's ability to manage affairs beyond other disciples, that we see that after Confucius' death, it seems that Zi Gong also presided over and arranged Confucius' funeral. He not only criticized Lu Aigong's praise of Confucius as unreasonable, but also considered it impolite to mourn him when he died. Calling a person is not a name. Moreover, he built a room in the field and mourned for Confucius for six years. Therefore, after three years of mourning, the other disciples all bowed down to Zigong and wept at each other. Here, we feel that although Zi Gong did not properly raise the "handsome flag" of Confucius, its prominent position among Confucius disciples seems to have been basically determined.
Unexpectedly, however, when Zi Gong's position was gradually established and there was not much problem under Confucius' door, the external images of Xia Zi, Zhang Zi and Zi You looked like Confucius and wanted to do what Confucius did. Obviously, this is a quiet coup, and they expect something to replace Yugong's leadership. What prompted them to do this? To understand the mystery, we must analyze it from at least two aspects.
As far as Zigong is concerned, it seems that Xia Zi and others have been offended on some occasions because of his "glib tongue" and "like to preach the beauty of people, but can't hide the evil of people". It is particularly possible that when the status of Zigong rose gradually after the death of Confucius, Zigong ignored the existence of Xia Zi and others too much, and seemed unwilling to discuss with Xia Zi and others when something happened, which aroused the antipathy of Xia Zi and others and wanted to use something instead of Zigong. On the other hand, from the standpoint of Xia Zi and others, their recommendation to You Ruo, in addition to their antipathy to Zi Gong, seems to be related to the weakening of the cohesion of Confucius' disciples, which is also the reason for their push. Quot You Ruo, who looks like a saint, became a "founder" in order to revive Confucius' prestige.
Xia Zi, Zi You and Zhang Zi's suggestions didn't get Ceng Zi's response and support. The reason, in addition to the above-mentioned grandiose reasons, seems to have a more or less connection with Ceng Zi and the subtle relationship between them. We know that although Ceng Zi was a loyal disciple of Confucius, he was not very close to Zhang Zi, Xia Zi and others. Zhang Zi, the Analects of Confucius, recorded Ceng Zi Day: "It is difficult to have a benevolent person if you are magnanimous." On the surface, Zhang seems to be highly praised, but in fact it is not without derogatory meaning. As for Xia Zi, "Notes on Public Affairs" and "On Balance and Misfortune" all recorded that Ceng Zi accused Xia Zi: Xia Zi lost his child and lost his mind, and Ceng Zi hanged himself and wept bitterly. Xia Zi said, "God! Give it innocence! " Said angrily, "Shang, why are you innocent?" Between master and master, you and I have retired, which is bigger than Xi' a, which makes people in Xi' a suspect that we are making up on our master, and we are also guilty. The pain of bereavement has left no news on the island, so you should be punished for both crimes; Losing a son, blindness, three sins. And why is makeup innocent? " Xia Zi threw the stick and bowed: "I passed, I passed!" "I've lived alone for a long time!" Although Ceng Zi's criticism came late, it seems to be a fact that they lack common beliefs and living standards. So, how can we expect Ceng Zi to agree with Xia Zi's proposal and recommend You Ruo as the leader of Confucius? What's more, you ruo looks like Confucius anyway, but his thoughts, opinions and personality cultivation really can't be compared with Confucius.
If he didn't become the new leader of Confucius' disciples, Zeng Zi was born with an attitude of life that he didn't dare to strictly abide by Confucius' teachings and never made profits for himself, so Ceng Zi had neither the ability nor the interest to become the new leader of Confucius' disciples. So, in this sense, when Ceng Zi objected to Xia Zi and others' suggestion that you have something, the split of Confucius disciples appeared to come from a potential danger, while the strong disciples actually went their separate ways, seeking their own future and starting their own businesses.
In fact, from the perspective of academic history, it is an inevitable trend for Confucius' disciples to divide after Confucius. Most outstanding thinkers are behind them, because there is no fixed model for the interpretation of ideas, and the inheritance of ideas depends more on the needs of the times where the latecomers live and the subjective and objective factors such as the talents, knowledge and morality of their successors. What's more, Confucius taught people to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and there was no unified explanation and paradigm. Therefore, the division of Confucius disciples after Confucius is not only an understandable cultural phenomenon, but also an inevitable trend in academic history.
Regarding the actual division of Confucius' disciples, there is a general description in the chapter of Han Feizi's outstanding studies: "The outstanding scholars in the world are also Confucianism and Mohism. Wherever Confucianism goes, Kong Qiu also; Wherever ink goes, Mo Zhai also. Since the death of Confucius, there have been schools of Confucianism such as Zhang Zhiru, Zi Si, Yan Min, Meng Min, Min, Zhong and Dong. The death of mortar Mozi also has the ink of Min, Xiang and Deng. Therefore, after Confucius and Mohism, Confucianism was divided into two, and the choices were different, but they all called themselves real Confucius and Mohism. " Confucius and Mohism cannot be resurrected. Who will learn to be immortal? "Obviously, the eight schools of Confucianism here not only refer to Confucius' disciples, but also include the Han Fei era, that is, Confucianism during the Warring States Period. Therefore, let's put aside the disciples of the eight schools of Confucianism for the time being, and first look at the differentiation of those disciples after Confucius.
Among Confucius' disciples, Zi Gong, who was originally known as "Yan", seems to have done something in academic opinions and ideological knowledge. However, perhaps because of the above-mentioned incident of not stealing, after six years of mourning for Confucius, Zigong basically lost contact with Confucius disciples and devoted himself to actual political and economic activities without making any outstanding academic contributions.
Ceng Zi, Youzi, Youzi, Xia Zi, etc. , may have contributed to the ideological and cultural aspects, not listed as eight great scholars. Ceng Zi was a disciple of Confucius in his later years. According to legend, his talent is not high and he is often criticized by Confucius. However, he paid special attention to moral cultivation and insisted on "three rescues a day", and eventually became the most important moral model among Confucius disciples except Yan Hui. After the death of Confucius, Ceng Zi first opposed Xia Zi and others' recommendation of You Ruo as the leader, and then he might call his disciples to give lectures and write books to explain and publicize Confucius' legacy from the aspects of filial piety and ethics. There are 18 Confucian records in Hanshu, and Wang's Textual Research on Hanshu says: "The sum of Sui is two volumes, and the disciples Gong, Le Zhengzi Chun, Shan, Zeng Yuan, on the importance of filial piety, are the principles of all things in the world." Today, ten articles have been included in "Big Wear Li Ji". Its academic essence is only to explain the Confucian concept of filial piety, which is the first meaning of life philosophy, the "great classics of heaven and earth" and "teaching for all" As far as ideological tendency is concerned, it seems to deviate from Confucius' line, and of course it is more in line with Ceng Zi's "trembling" nature.
Wandering is also a disciple of Confucius in his later years. Xunzi said in "Jie Mao", "If a wanderer hates lying down and squeezing his hands, he can bear it." It is precisely because he is diligent and eager to learn that he is appreciated and loved by Confucius and praised by Confucius from time to time. In terms of academic opinions, wanderers also generally inherited Confucius' theory, attaching importance to filial piety, advocating harmony and emphasizing propriety and righteousness. The Analects of Confucius recorded a Confucius? Quot He is also filial, and those who are good at committing crimes are fresh; It's not easy to make mistakes, but it's not easy to make mistakes. Gentleman's business is based on inheritance and Taoism. The filial man is Jan Benzien. "Although Ceng Zi did not attach great importance to filial piety, he also emphasized that filial piety is the foundation of benevolence. He also said, "Take courtesy as the purpose, harmony as the priority, Wang Zhidao as the first, and Sri Lanka as the beauty; Small and big. It is not feasible to do things, and it is not polite to know and be harmonious. " It also emphasizes that "the letter is close to the meaning, and the words can be answered. Politeness is closer to politeness than shame. Solid without losing relatives, and amiable. "Thus, if you not only talk about Confucius in appearance, but also have his own opinions. What happened to his son after Shi Feng asked is unknown. But the most likely situation is to inherit the teachings of Confucius and gather disciples to give lectures. It is difficult to stand out just because of the blows of fellow disciples.
The Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples in Historical Records says: "When Confucius is absent, disciples yearn for it, but if he is present, he looks like Confucius, and his disciples are both teachers and masters." Another day, the apprentice asked,' The eldest son should have done it before, so the apprentice could take the rain gear. It's raining.' Disciple asked, how did the master know? Confucius said, "Poetry" has nothing to say: the moon ends in the sky and is full of water. Did you spend the night last night? Another day, the moon didn't hang, but it didn't rain Shangzhai is older than Zi Yuan, and his mother lives in this room. Confucius made it neat, and Zhai Mu invited it. Confucius said: Don't worry. After forty years, there must be five wars, master. It's already true. Dare to ask the master why? If there is silence, there is no response. Disciple got up and said,' If there is jealousy, this is not the seat of the son'! "
Some children were hit by this. Of course, their fame was not obvious after that, and it was difficult to produce any sects. Ziyou, Shengyu, Ziyou. It is said that Confucius was forty-eight years younger, but because he was diligent and eager to learn, he won the appreciation of Confucius and was listed as the first in literature by Confucius. He seems to have a deep research on classical literature, etiquette and music education, and he is as famous as Xia Zi, so he should make a considerable contribution to the development and dissemination of Confucius' theory. "On Mencius' Gong Sunchou" records that "Xia Zi, Zi You and Zhang Zi were all saints in the past." It can be seen that Ziyou's reputation and contribution are not under Xia Zi and Zhang Zi. According to Liu Yun's Notes, Zhong Ni and Wabin were behind him. When he finished, he walked through the scenery and sighed in shame. Sigh, cover sigh Lu also. Why does a gentleman sigh when the weir is on the side? Confucius said, "The trip to the Avenue is also different from that of three generations of English. You are ambitious and can't catch it. The trip to the avenue is also for the public, selecting talents and abilities; Trust and repair, the old friend is not only a close relative, but also an only son; The messenger has an end, strong and useful, young and powerful, and the lonely and sick have a support; Men get points and women get rewards. Goods, if you hate them, you don't have to hide them on yourself. Force, evil is not out of the body, not for yourself. " Because of this, you try to close it, but you don't do it. Because you don't do it as a thief, you don't shut it out. This is called Datong. "Perhaps it is because of this rare special opportunity that we believe that the so-called social ideal of a well-off society in Datong in Confucianism, even if not necessarily recorded by Ziyou and his disciples, must be because Ziyou himself heard it with his own ears, so it has an extremely important weight in his ideological purpose. Therefore, Kang Youwei said in Meng Xu that Ziyou was influenced by Confucius' theory of great harmony and inherited his thoughts. Mencius was educated by Zisi and learned from Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals.
Obviously, the study of Ziyou should be an important link in the development of Confucianism, which deserves our special attention. Like Ziyou, Xia Zi was a proud pupil of Confucius in his later years. His surname is Xia Zi, a businessman, 44 years younger than Confucius. Xunzi Outline says that his family is poor in summer and usually in rags. Someone asked him, "Why don't you become an official?" Xia Zi said: "I am not a minister who is arrogant to me; I will never see a doctor bossing me around again. It's not a day's news that Liu Xiahui is wearing the same clothes as the back door. It' s hard to compete for profits. " It can be seen that his personality is a bit eccentric and he is interested in learning, so he is praised as the first in literature by Confucius, and he is tied with Ziyou.
Among Confucius' disciples, Xia Zi's studiousness is quite prominent. He was praised and encouraged by Confucius, and Confucius gave him guidance and training as much as possible, so that Xia Zi seems to have mastered the most comprehensive theory of being a teacher by example among Confucius' disciples. If only from this aspect, Xia Zi is the most qualified disciple to lead Confucius after his death. However, because of his strange personality, he can't get along well with other disciples. After Confucius died, I tried to recommend him, but I failed. He had to leave Confucius and go to other countries to gather his disciples to give lectures.
Xia Zi's eccentric personality is quite prominent. As early as when asking questions with Confucius, Zi Gong, who loves to tell others right and wrong, asked Confucius, "Who is stronger, Zhang Zi or Xia Zi?" Confucius said, "Zhang Zi is too late, but not as late as summer." Then he asked, "What about Zhang Yu?" Day: "Too much is too late." Confucius' evaluation is intriguing, and Xia Zi's personality weakness seems quite obvious. Commenting on this passage, Zhu said: "Zi is ambitious and broad-minded, but he is mean to others, so he often goes too far as" Xia Zi believes in obeying, but the scale is narrow, so he often falls behind. " Moreover, Confucius once warned Xia Zi face to face: "You are a gentleman's Confucianism, and you are a villain's Confucianism." Although this kind of warning can't be said to be aimed at the weakness in midsummer, according to the principle of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, it will never be aimless and casual.
According to the records in The Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi, Zhang Zi, Zi You and others seem to look down on Xia Zi as a man and a man. Zi You said, "Master Xia Zi, when sweeping, he can cope with advance and retreat." "If you suppress it to the end, you will have nothing. So what? " When the gate of Xia Zi was handed over to Zhang Zi, Zhang Zi asked, "What is the cloud in Xia Zi?" Yes, "Xia Zi said," you can accept it, but you can't refuse it. Zhang Zi said angrily, "I heard that a gentleman respects the virtuous and can tolerate, but Jiashan regrets that he can't. "I am the Great Sage, why can't I be tolerated by others? If I am not virtuous, the general will refuse me, so how can I refuse others? " Moreover, if we have repeatedly talked about Xia Zi's planning and recommendation, Xia Zi is not based on academic talent and moral accomplishment, but must have interpersonal reasons.
Based on this background, after the death of Confucius, he left Lu, first did something in Wei, and then was invited to give lectures in Xihe, Wei. His reputation was greatly enhanced, and he had many disciples. What's more, as Ceng Zi later accused, the people of West Africa once compared Xia Zi to the rebirth of Confucius and held him in high esteem, which shows its great influence. His famous disciples are Tian Zifang, Duan Ganmu, Wu Qi, Bird Slippery Li and so on. Therefore, Liang Qichao and others attach great importance to the inheritance of Xia Zi Xihe classics, which is of great significance in the history of Confucianism. In On the General Trend of China's Academic Thought Change, Liang said that when Confucius was alive, his knowledge was not more important than that of the current monarch. Wei Wenhou accepted the classics in summer, followed by Duan Gan and Kiwada Zifang, so Confucianism began to spread in West Afghanistan. Wei Wenhou first established a doctoral officer, which was actually the beginning of promoting Confucianism with national strength. The first hero of Confucianism, except Wei Wenhou, has no one else. Therefore, it is necessary for us to briefly explain the spread of Xia Zi Xi's Buddhist scriptures.
After the death of Confucius, the details of the division of Confucius disciples when Xi Axia handed down the scriptures cannot be detailed in four historical gaps. But what is certain is that some important Confucian classics were not only taught by Confucius due to his academic biography in the summer, but many important classics may even be finalized by him and his disciples. Xu Fang, an Eastern Han scholar, said? Quot I have heard of Confucius' poems, books, rituals and music. The invention of chapters and sentences began in summer. After that, scholars from all walks of life have different opinions on the analysis. In other words, most of the so-called Confucian classics have a more or less deep or shallow relationship with Xia Zi.
Hong Mai in the Southern Song Dynasty said more clearly in the 14th section of Rong Zhai Essays, Xia Zi Xue Jing, "Confucius' disciple, Xia Zi is the only one in the classics. Although you can't believe all the biographical nonsense, you should be different from others. The Book of Changes is circulated, and the Book of Songs is orderly. On the study of Shi Mao, a cloud was given to Gao Hangzi in the summer and passed to Xiao Maogong in four times; A cloud spread from Xia to Zeng Shen and to Da Maogong. There is an article "The Book of Rites" in The Book of Rites, which was taught by Ma Rong and Wang Su. In the Spring and Autumn Annals, we can't help but praise it, and beggars' gangs also try to engage in it. Buying Ram at a high price is affected by summer. For those who are red-faced, "customs clearance" is also a floating cloud. In The Analects of Confucius, does Zheng Kangcheng think it was written by Zhong Gong and Xia Zi? Quot Based on the statements of Xu Fang and Hong Mai, we can see that the most important parts of the so-called Confucian classics in later generations, such as poems, books, rites, music, the Book of Changes, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Analects of Confucius, Ram and Gu Liang, are all related to Xia Zi.
Of course, you don't have to believe everything Xu Fang and Hong Mai say. But when we can't provide strong evidence to the contrary, we don't have to be too skeptical. Let's save it. Our interest now is that, according to Xu Fang and Hong Mai, the important Confucian classic that has nothing to do with Xia Zi seems to be Zuo Zhuan, and if we make a little textual research, it is not difficult to find that Zuo Zhuan actually has a close relationship with Xia Zi.
The author of Zuo Zhuan and his early teaching system are quite controversial in academic circles. The classic annotation points out that "Zuo Qiuming made a biography to give Zeng Shen, Shen Qi and the bodyguard, and began to preach his son. During the period, it was said that the Chu people were front pepper, pepper was Zhao Renyu Qing, Qing was the same as the county name, love was passed on to Wuwei Zhang Cang, and Cang was passed on to Luoyang Jia Yi. " This teaching system is generally credible, but some details, such as Zuo Qiuming, are unknown and there are differences.
Speaking of this question, the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records says? Quot Based on Confucius' understanding of kingly way, he worked for more than 70 monarchs, so it can't be used. So, he looked west, talked about the old news of historical records, prospered in Shandong and followed the Spring and Autumn Period, recorded hidden in the top, got the forest in the bottom, made an appointment with his words, removed his annoyance, established the righteous law, prepared the king and prepared the personnel. The 70-year-old man dictated their instructions, which should not be read in books because of their ironic remarks. Zuo Qiuming, a disciple of Lu Junzi, followed the heresy, each pointing to his own point and distorting the facts. Therefore, due to the historical records of Confucius, it became Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. Duo Jiao is Fu of Chu Weiwang, but as a king, he can't read the Spring and Autumn Annals to the best of his ability. Chapter 40 died and became Feng Shiwei. After Zhao became king, his lover Yu Qing came to the Spring and Autumn Period? /div & gt；