In terms of educational thought, Wang Chong attached great importance to the influence of environment and the role of education. Although he believes that there are good and evil in human nature, he is convinced that good and evil can be changed. What is important is education. For example, if you still practice silk, it will be blue and red when dyed, and for example, if you don't help yourself to be straight in the linen room and wear white gauze, you won't practice your black, and "people's goodness can be turned into evil, and evil can be turned into good, so it's still the same". He also used bamboo and wood as tools after carving, and the low land can be turned into a metaphor of high land through the "increase" of people, which shows the possibility of education and the plasticity of people; "The seventy-two disciples of Confucius are all used by Qing Xiang", which shows the importance of education. In Wang Chong's view, there are no unchangeable and uneducable people in the world. As long as "the school is willing to do it and the law forbids it", even such a person, Yao's unscrupulous son, can be willing to do good deeds.
7. Zheng Xuan (129-200) was a famous Confucian scholar at the end of Han Dynasty and an outstanding educator at that time. He liberated Confucian classics from academic sectarian prejudice. He demanded that the students' words and deeds must conform to the ceremony. He said: "Don't be proud, don't be vertical, don't be ambitious, don't be coke." It can be seen that he attaches great importance to moral education and also invites him. He also made some contributions to research and teaching methods. First, in the interpretation of Confucian classics, he strictly held an objective attitude, which had a great influence on the style of study in the next two thousand years. Second, Zheng Xuan is a person who is very particular about "accumulating knowledge". What he is afraid of is to "accumulate learning experience", that is, to work hard on "learning", "sweeping" and "seeing when". The so-called "Ji Bo" means working hard on textbooks and having a certain depth and breadth of knowledge. Focus on this aspect; "Skimming" means reading more reference books, browsing extensively, broadening knowledge and not taking up too much time; "Always see" is to select some accurate and reliable data for reference, which has little reference value and takes less time. He believes that only by combining the three can we understand the profound truth in Confucian classics and achieve "seeking one from many" and "taking one as ten thousand". This is his successful teaching experience, which contains the reasonable factors of "analysis and synthesis" and "induction and deduction" methods in logic. Thirdly, in teaching, the teaching methods of asking difficult questions and recording are mainly adopted. He said; "It is very enlightening to say it, and you will know the depth of thinking at a glance." This is the new development of Confucius heuristic teaching.
8. Yan Zhitui (later 53 1- about 590) was a famous writer and educator in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yan's Family Instructions written by him is the first family education textbook in China. Starting from reality, he thinks that the country needs about six kinds of talents: first, politicians who have made achievements; Second, train theorists and scholars; Third, a strategist with both wisdom and courage; Fourth, competent and innocent local officials; Fifth, don't humiliate your life as a diplomat; Sixth, managers and engineering experts who are proficient in construction.
Yan Zhitui believes that educating children is an important and serious issue for parents. He took Confucianism as the guiding ideology: "Less is nature, and habit is nature". He advocated starting with "prenatal education" and put forward strict requirements for "prenatal education". Whether the method of "prenatal education" is scientific remains to be studied, but he is right to attach importance to early childhood education. He believes that ordinary people do not have the conditions of "prenatal education" and should also start education from infancy. He advocates that "the father should teach", but opposes blindly doting on "doing whatever you want" and spoiling children into family tyrants. "It is natural for a villain to succeed", so it will be difficult to re-educate him in the future, even if he is killed.
9. Han Yu (768-824) was a famous writer, philosopher and educator in the history of China.
Han Yu believes that the purpose of education is "learning is the Tao", and Tao is the "teaching of the former king", mainly Confucian benevolence and morality. The task and content of education generally include three aspects: first, moral education, including a set of Confucian ethics such as benevolence, righteousness and morality; Second, intellectual education, including "poetry, calligraphy, Yi, Spring and Autumn"; The third is political education, including etiquette, music, punishment and politics.
Han Yu also summed up many regular things in education and put forward many incisive and original opinions, which enriched the ancient pedagogy theory in China.
First, we should be good at identifying and cultivating talents. He believes that there are always talents, and the key lies in whether they can be recognized and supported. "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse; There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. "
Second, advocate hard work and independent thinking. Han Yu has several maxims: "industry is good at diligence, and play is in shortage;" What you do is thinking, but it is destroyed by laziness. " This is the crystallization of his valuable experience in academic research for many years, and it is also a summary of his previous academic experience and lessons.
Third, pay attention to vividness in teaching methods. He "assiduously commented to sharpen all life, afraid of shortcomings, and swam with laughter and songs, making people drunk and forget to return."
Fourth, attach importance to the teacher's way and the ignorant teacher. Han Yu's Shi Shuo is a valuable legacy in China's educational history. This paper expounds the importance of teaching as a teacher: "ancient scholars must have teachers and teachers, so they preach and teach to solve doubts." People are not born to know, who can doubt it? " If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will eventually be confused.
Ai Hu (993- 10) was a famous scholar and educator in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
Ai Hu has been engaged in education all his life and has a profound understanding of the role of education. He said: "The people who govern the world are talents, the people who become talents in the world are educating, and the people who educate are in schools."
Ai Hu paid attention to teaching art and accumulated rich teaching experience.
Prepare lessons carefully and set an example. "The Biography of Ai Hu in Song Dynasty" said: "Teach people to have laws, be good at self-discipline, and take the lead." "Although it is very hot in summer, I will still sit in the public service seat and be strict with my disciples."
Love students and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. The Biography of Ai Hu in the History of Song Dynasty said: Ai Hu "regards all the students as sons, and all the students believe in love as fathers and brothers. There are often hundreds of tourists passing by here. " Pay attention to intuitive teaching, make clear the main points and connect with practice. In imperial academy, when he told students about the Book of Changes, he often "cited contemporary events to make it clear" in order to make it easier to understand.
Pay attention to the field trip. Ai Hu said: "A scholar who only stays in one country will be trapped in a song, mean and humble, and will travel around, see human feelings, customs, mountains and rivers, and see the world" to "benefit the scholar".
teacher
1 1 and Wang Anshi (1021-kloc-0/086) are outstanding politicians in China history and educational reformers in the middle ages.
Wang Anshi believes that the key to political reform lies in talents. With talent, we can "change the evil laws in the world." In order to have enough talents, the state must implement a unified education system of "teaching, educating, taking and letting". He linked teaching, training, commitment and responsibility. Among them, teaching is the foundation, education is the continuation of teaching, and taking responsibility is the purpose of teaching and taking responsibility. In view of this shortcoming, he put forward four requirements for reforming the education system to serve the new law: namely, from the capital to the local government, setting up enlightenment teachers in schools to teach things needed by the country such as "etiquette, music, politics and punishment"; Ensure the material life of scholars, take etiquette as the contract, take law as the cut, and be advocated by the court to form a new atmosphere; Select talents, judge their ability and political integrity, make contributions as much as possible, and then give them appropriate salaries; Long-term focus allows you to carry out your will and achieve success.
12 and Zhu (1 130- 1200) were famous philosophers and educators in the southern song dynasty. Zhu was born in Youxi, Fujian, and his ancestral home was Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi).
Paying attention to family education and primary school education is a major feature of his educational proposition. He believes that only through strict family education can students "change their temperament", and he has formulated Instructions for Children, Rules for Learning from Meng, and Poems for Meng as the rules for parents to educate their children at home. He believes that only by laying a foundation and learning skills from an early age can we achieve the goal of self-cultivation, family harmony, rule the country and level the world when we grow up.
On the basis of primary school, he also advocated advanced education for students, that is, universities. Zhu believes that the characteristics of primary schools are to teach things, that is, to "take things as teachers" and to teach etiquette, music, shooting, obedience, calligraphy, teaching, filial piety, loyalty and faith. The university is characterized by being reasonable. Quot poor in reason ",let you know the truth of style and teaching.
Attaching importance to teaching method and reading method is another feature of Zhu's educational thought. First of all, he pays attention to the education of learning purpose, and thinks that if a person wants to learn, he must first "make up his mind" and "make up his mind and how to learn". Teachers' teaching should be "single-minded" and uninterrupted. In teaching, he pays attention to poverty and perseverance. Poor management means studying knowledge seriously in theory, "being poor at present, and then making the best use of everything"; Devotion is the practice of "self-cultivation, family harmony and even doing things". The combination of poverty and perseverance is the unity of knowledge and action. In teaching, he advocates gradual and intensive reading. It advocates teaching people in an orderly way and combining repeated learning with learning and thinking. He said: "Generally speaking, if you want to learn, you must read carefully first, so that everything you say comes from my mouth;" The second is to think carefully and make it come from the heart. Then you can have ears. " It is also clearly pointed out that Mr. Zhu's task is to guide students to read. He emphasized that learning depends on subjective efforts. A teacher "can only be a guide." The guide is also the teacher's credit. "This is the responsibility of teachers. In the moral education of students, he advocates strict requirements, detailed regulations, more positive teaching and less negative prevention. This is also a good educational method.
6. Wang Chong (AD 27- 97) was a great materialist philosopher and educator in ancient China.
In terms of educational thought, Wang Chong attached great importance to the influence of environment and the role of education. Although he believes that there are good and evil in human nature, he is convinced that good and evil can be changed. What is important is education. For example, if you still practice silk, it will be blue and red when dyed, and for example, if you don't help yourself to be straight in the linen room and wear white gauze, you won't practice your black, and "people's goodness can be turned into evil, and evil can be turned into good, so it's still the same". He also used bamboo and wood as tools after carving, and the low land can be turned into a metaphor of high land through the "increase" of people, which shows the possibility of education and the plasticity of people; "The seventy-two disciples of Confucius are all used by Qing Xiang", which shows the importance of education. In Wang Chong's view, there are no unchangeable and uneducable people in the world. As long as "the school is willing to do it and the law forbids it", even such a person, Yao's unscrupulous son, can be willing to do good deeds.
7. Zheng Xuan (129-200) was a famous Confucian scholar at the end of Han Dynasty and an outstanding educator at that time. He liberated Confucian classics from academic sectarian prejudice. He demanded that the students' words and deeds must conform to the ceremony. He said: "Don't be proud, don't be vertical, don't be ambitious, don't be coke." It can be seen that he attaches great importance to moral education and also invites him. He also made some contributions to research and teaching methods. First, in the interpretation of Confucian classics, he strictly held an objective attitude, which had a great influence on the style of study in the next two thousand years. Second, Zheng Xuan is a person who is very particular about "accumulating knowledge". What he is afraid of is to "accumulate learning experience", that is, to work hard on "learning", "sweeping" and "seeing when". The so-called "Ji Bo" means working hard on textbooks and having a certain depth and breadth of knowledge. Focus on this aspect; "Skimming" means reading more reference books, browsing extensively, broadening knowledge and not taking up too much time; "Always see" is to select some accurate and reliable data for reference, which has little reference value and takes less time. He believes that only by combining the three can we understand the profound truth in Confucian classics and achieve "seeking one from many" and "taking one as ten thousand". This is his successful teaching experience, which contains the reasonable factors of "analysis and synthesis" and "induction and deduction" methods in logic. Thirdly, in teaching, the teaching methods of asking difficult questions and recording are mainly adopted. He said; "It is very enlightening to say it, and you will know the depth of thinking at a glance." This is the new development of Confucius heuristic teaching.
8. Yan Zhitui (later 53 1- about 590) was a famous writer and educator in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yan's Family Instructions written by him is the first family education textbook in China. Starting from reality, he thinks that the country needs about six kinds of talents: first, politicians who have made achievements; Second, well-educated theorists and scholars; Third, a brave and resourceful militarist; Fourth, competent and innocent local officials; Fifth, don't humiliate your life as a diplomat; Sixth, managers and engineering experts who are proficient in construction.
Yan Zhitui believes that educating children is an important and serious issue for parents. He took Confucianism as the guiding ideology: "Less is nature, and habit is nature". He advocated starting with "prenatal education" and put forward strict requirements for "prenatal education". Whether the method of "prenatal education" is scientific remains to be studied, but he is right to attach importance to early childhood education. He believes that ordinary people do not have the conditions of "prenatal education" and should also start education from infancy. He advocates that "the father should teach", but opposes blindly doting on "doing whatever you want" and spoiling children into family tyrants. "It is natural for a villain to succeed", so it will be difficult to re-educate him in the future, even if he is killed.
9. Han Yu (768-824) was a famous writer, philosopher and educator in the history of China.
Han Yu believes that the purpose of education is "learning is the Tao", and Tao is the "teaching of the former king", mainly Confucian benevolence and morality. The task and content of education generally include three aspects: first, moral education, including a set of Confucian ethics such as benevolence, righteousness and morality; Second, intellectual education, including "poetry, calligraphy, Yi, Spring and Autumn"; The third is political education, including etiquette, music, punishment and politics.
Han Yu also summed up many regular things in education and put forward many incisive and original opinions, which enriched the ancient pedagogy theory in China.
First, we should be good at identifying and cultivating talents. He believes that there are always talents, and the key lies in whether they can be recognized and supported. "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse; There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. "
Second, advocate hard work and independent thinking. Han Yu has several maxims: "industry is good at diligence, and play is in shortage;" What you do is thinking, but it is destroyed by laziness. " This is the crystallization of his valuable experience in academic research for many years, and it is also a summary of his previous academic experience and lessons.
Third, pay attention to vividness in teaching methods. He "assiduously commented to sharpen all life, afraid of shortcomings, and swam with laughter and songs, making people drunk and forget to return."
Fourth, attach importance to the teacher's way and the ignorant teacher. Han Yu's Shi Shuo is a valuable legacy in China's educational history. This paper expounds the importance of teaching as a teacher: "ancient scholars must have teachers and teachers, so they preach and teach to solve doubts." People are not born to know, who can doubt it? " If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will eventually be confused.
Ai Hu (993- 10) was a famous scholar and educator in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
Ai Hu has been engaged in education all his life and has a profound understanding of the role of education. He said: "The people who govern the world are talents, the people who become talents in the world are educating, and the people who educate are in schools."
Ai Hu paid attention to teaching art and accumulated rich teaching experience.
Prepare lessons carefully and set an example. "The Biography of Ai Hu in Song Dynasty" said: "Teach people to have laws, be good at self-discipline, and take the lead." "Although it is very hot in summer, I will still sit in the public service seat and be strict with my disciples."
Love students and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. The Biography of Ai Hu in the History of Song Dynasty said: Ai Hu "regards all the students as sons, and all the students believe in love as fathers and brothers. There are often hundreds of tourists passing by here. " Pay attention to intuitive teaching, make clear the main points and connect with practice. In imperial academy, when he told students about the Book of Changes, he often "cited contemporary events to make it clear" in order to make it easier to understand.
Pay attention to the field trip. Ai Hu said: "A scholar who only stays in one country will be trapped in a song, mean and humble, and will travel around, see human feelings, customs, mountains and rivers, and see the world" to "benefit the scholar".
teacher
1 1 and Wang Anshi (1021-kloc-0/086) are outstanding politicians in China history and educational reformers in the middle ages.
Wang Anshi believes that the key to political reform lies in talents. With talent, we can "change the evil laws in the world." In order to have enough talents, the state must implement a unified education system of "teaching, educating, taking and letting". He linked teaching, training, commitment and responsibility. Among them, teaching is the foundation, education is the continuation of teaching, and taking responsibility is the purpose of teaching and taking responsibility. In view of this shortcoming, he put forward four requirements for reforming the education system to serve the new law: namely, from the capital to the local government, setting up enlightenment teachers in schools to teach things needed by the country such as "etiquette, music, politics and punishment"; Ensure the material life of scholars, take etiquette as the contract, take law as the cut, and be advocated by the court to form a new atmosphere; Select talents, judge their ability and political integrity, try their best to make contributions, and then give them appropriate titles; Long-term focus allows you to carry out your will and achieve success.
12 and Zhu (1 130- 1200) were famous philosophers and educators in the southern song dynasty. Zhu was born in Youxi, Fujian, and his ancestral home was Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi).
Paying attention to family education and primary school education is a major feature of his educational proposition. He believes that only through strict family education can students "change their temperament", and he has formulated Instructions for Children, Rules for Learning from Meng, and Poems for Meng as the rules for parents to educate their children at home. He believes that only by laying a foundation and learning skills from an early age can we achieve the goal of self-cultivation, family harmony, rule the country and level the world when we grow up.
On the basis of primary school, he also advocated advanced education for students, that is, universities. Zhu believes that the characteristics of primary schools are to teach things, that is, to "take things as teachers" and to teach etiquette, music, shooting, obedience, calligraphy, teaching, filial piety, loyalty and faith. The university is characterized by being reasonable. Quot poor in reason ",let you know the truth of style and teaching.
Attaching importance to teaching method and reading method is another feature of Zhu's educational thought. First of all, he pays attention to the education of learning purpose, and thinks that if a person wants to learn, he must first "make up his mind" and "make up his mind and how to learn". Teachers' teaching should be "single-minded" and uninterrupted. In teaching, he pays attention to poverty and perseverance. Poor management means studying knowledge seriously in theory, "being poor at present, and then making the best use of everything"; Devotion is the practice of "self-cultivation, family harmony and even doing things". The combination of poverty and perseverance is the unity of knowledge and action. In teaching, he advocates gradual and intensive reading. It advocates teaching people in an orderly way and combining repeated learning with learning and thinking. He said: "Generally speaking, if you want to learn, you must read carefully first, so that everything you say comes from my mouth;" The second is to think carefully and make it come from the heart. Then you can have ears. " It is also clearly pointed out that Mr. Zhu's task is to guide students to read. He emphasized that learning depends on subjective efforts. A teacher "can only be a guide." The guide is also the teacher's credit. "This is the responsibility of teachers. In the moral education of students, he advocates strict requirements, detailed regulations, more positive teaching and less negative prevention. This is also a good educational method.