"In the 30 years of reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in the conditions for running schools, dilapidated school buildings have become buildings, and modern media classrooms have become obvious. In the 30 years of reform and opening up, the treatment of teachers has changed a lot, with a monthly salary of tens to thousands, and medical security has been fully developed. " This is Mao Juguan's gratifying achievement in expressing China's educational development in the past 30 years through poetry. Today, it is not an exaggeration for the author to describe Tonghua education.
Looking back, Tonghua education 30 years ago was slow and difficult. From the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), there was the first new school. 1949 There were only 5 classes in the municipal middle schools in Liaodong province, and 54 classes in the municipal primary schools *** 145 students and 72 teachers. 1977, resume the national college entrance examination. The education in our city 30 years ago, that is, 1978, just caught up with the national reform and opening up. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party is a great turning point. The state has re-established the concept of respecting knowledge, talents and teachers' labor, arranged the academic system, teaching materials and teaching time, rectified the teaching order, restored normal colleges, trained and advanced in-service teachers, and restored organizations and young pioneers. Since then, education in our city has also stepped into the track of recovery, adjustment and development, and all industries are waiting for prosperity. That year, education experienced "bringing order out of chaos" and "cutting through thorns". At that time, all kinds of educational schools were in a backward and weak stage in terms of school scale, school buildings, teaching facilities, instruments and other conditions and environment, which was very different from now.
Today, 30 years later, the education in our city is thriving and fruitful! The reform of education and teaching at all levels has been deepened, quality education has developed in depth, the quality of education and teaching has been improved year by year, and education has shown a scientific and healthy development trend. At present, preschool education is better than basic education in the United States, public education and private education go hand in hand, and vocational education and adult education flourish. There are various schools at all levels 10 17, with 304 students177 and 30,204 faculty members, which has achieved a great leap in history! As an educator, how can you not be excited and cheered for it!
After 30 years, Tonghua Education insists on educating people first, giving priority to moral education, comprehensively improving the popularization and quality of nine-year compulsory education, controlling dropping out of school and improving the scores of college entrance examination year by year, with remarkable results. In the autumn of 2004, schools at all levels in compulsory education entered the new curriculum, and in the autumn of 2007, all ordinary high schools in the city entered the new curriculum. Attach importance to education and scientific research, and undertake a large number of major national and provincial scientific research projects. The middle schools directly under the municipal government have basically eliminated the "blind spots" in information technology and opened the Tonghua Education Information Network. There are 143 campus networks, 18778 microcomputers in primary and secondary schools, and the ratio of computers to students reaches 1: 13. The modern distance education project in rural primary and secondary schools has been basically completed, with a coverage rate of 100%. Organize nearly 10,000 people to carry out the "Teacher Education Network Alliance Project" and all kinds of teacher training at all levels, implement the "Three-person Project", and do a good job in cultivating "double-qualified" teachers and professional teachers in order to improve teachers' quality and professional ethics.
After 30 years of Tonghua education, vocational education has developed well and secondary vocational schools have grown. Accelerate the adjustment and development of the level and layout structure of vocational education and deepen the reform of the school-running system. Since 2005, the city's vocational education has added a construction area of 27,647 square meters. At the end of 2007, our city became the first region in the province where all public secondary vocational schools entered the top 100 in the province. New breakthroughs have been made in vocational enrollment and employment, and the employment rate of graduates has exceeded 90%. In 2006, the Municipal Education Bureau was rated as the advanced collective of vocational education in the whole province. Intensify the reconstruction of weak and remote schools. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the city invested 400 million yuan to transform 430 weak schools with 65.438+300,000 square meters, which gradually improved the overall level of running schools. Actively support and develop ethnic education. In recent years, more than 20 million yuan has been invested to build teaching buildings, comprehensive experimental buildings, apartments for overseas students, student canteens, dormitory buildings and so on. The conditions for running schools have been fundamentally improved. Early childhood education and special education have also developed healthily.
Tonghua education after 30 years pays attention to people's livelihood and effectively solves students' practical difficulties. Through the "Hope Project" and other poverty alleviation projects, we will conscientiously implement the "two exemptions and one subsidy" policy to ensure that every student in compulsory education will not drop out of school because of poverty. Do a good job in the state grants for secondary vocational education directly under the municipal government, so that students from poor families can get financial aid. Take effective measures to seriously solve the education problems of migrant workers' children and poor children. We will implement the "one-fee system" in the national compulsory education stage, improve the "three-limit" policy for enrolling students in public high schools, and strictly review the style and discipline to ensure fair and transparent education. In 2005, it took the lead in implementing sunshine projects such as "sunshine placement and sunshine classroom" in the whole province, which was widely praised by all walks of life.
"The sunshine is always after the rain", 30 years of educational vicissitudes have changed dramatically, and the old look has changed; The honor of 30 years of education is continuous, and there is a long way to go. The Municipal Education Bureau receives more than 20 awards, commendations and honors at or above the provincial level every year, and is awarded the "National Model Collective of National Unity and Progress" by the State Council, the "National Excellent Experimental Zone of Modern Science and Technology Education for Primary and Secondary School Students" by the Ministry of Education and the Central Institute of Education, and Tonghua City is awarded the "National Advanced City of Comprehensive Urban Education Reform" by the Ministry of Education.
Now, Tonghua education will comprehensively promote the sustained, healthy and coordinated development of all kinds of education at all levels, actively implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" and "strengthening the country through talents", promote the close integration of education with scientific and technological innovation, economic construction, cultural prosperity and social progress, and make all efforts to revitalize Tonghua's old industrial base and accelerate the process of well-off.
What changes have taken place in China's compulsory education system and policy since the reform and opening up?
1985 in may, the government of China put forward in the "decision on the reform of the education system" that "the responsibility for developing basic education should be handed over to local governments, and nine-year compulsory education should be gradually implemented. Basic education implements the principle of local responsibility and hierarchical management. " On the division of local responsibilities, in principle, by the provinces (cities, autonomous regions) to determine. In the implementation, all localities basically adopt the practice of "running high schools in counties, junior high schools in villages and primary schools in villages". This policy puts the responsibility of rural compulsory education on the township government. ?
1986 In April, after the promulgation of the Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), various provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) successively formulated local regulations to implement the Compulsory Education Law. With the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, China's education investment system has undergone major changes, and compulsory education funds have changed from a single source to a diversified source. From the analysis of the actual situation, the source of compulsory education funds is unreasonable. During the period of 1994-200 1, 78% of compulsory education funds in China were borne by towns, about 9% by county-level finance, 1 1% by provincial finance, and less than 2% by central finance. Villages and towns basically belong to the "eating" finance, so the actual consequence is to pass on some burdens of rural compulsory education to farmers. This was a prominent problem in rural compulsory education at that time. ?
In order to solve the difficulties of rural compulsory education in an all-round way, the State Council issued the Decision on the Reform and Development of Basic Education in 20001year, and began to implement the "county-oriented" rural compulsory education management system, which improved the situation of rural compulsory education. However, because the country has not divided the specific input responsibilities of the central, provincial, municipal and county governments, the problem of difficult funds for rural compulsory education is once again highlighted. According to the statistical report of the National Audit Office in 2003, in the 50 counties surveyed, the debt of compulsory education was 2.384 billion yuan at the end of 2000/kloc-0, and rose to 3.898 billion yuan by the end of June 2003. In some counties, more than 80% of primary and secondary schools are heavily in debt. ?
2005 is a year of important changes in China's compulsory education system. The Ministry of Education put forward "Several Opinions on Further Promoting the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education", and then the State Council issued the "Notice on Deepening the Reform of Rural Compulsory Education Funding Guarantee Mechanism", demanding that we fully understand the important role of promoting the balanced development of compulsory education in building a harmonious society and effectively curb the growing educational gap between urban and rural areas, between regions and between schools; Focus on regional promotion, give priority to solving the problem of balanced compulsory education in counties, and clearly put forward measures to promote the balanced development of compulsory education: "clarify the responsibilities at all levels, increase financial input, improve the level of security, and organize implementation step by step", gradually bring rural compulsory education into the scope of public financial security, and establish a guarantee mechanism in which the funds for rural compulsory education are divided according to projects and shared by the central and local governments in proportion. ?
In 2006, China municipal government completely exempted primary and secondary school students from tuition and miscellaneous fees in rural compulsory education in the western region; At the same time, the central government arranges public funds to subsidize rural compulsory education primary and secondary schools in the western region to improve the level of public funds protection; Start a new mechanism to guarantee the funds for the maintenance and renovation of primary and secondary schools in rural compulsory education. ?
In 2007, the central government decided to exempt all tuition and miscellaneous fees in rural areas throughout the country; And continue to provide free textbooks and subsidize boarding living expenses for students from poor rural families. And decided to exempt the tuition and fees of urban compulsory education from the spring semester of 2008.
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Looking back 30 years ago, the education in Tangjun Town was sluggish, struggling, with simple school buildings, a bungalow, brick structure and shabby; The teaching facilities are backward, the school environment is poor, and the conditions for running schools are very simple, which is in a backward and weak stage.
Since the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in all walks of life, and education has adapted to the development. "In the 30 years of reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in the conditions for running schools, dilapidated school buildings have become buildings, and modern media classrooms have become obvious. In the 30 years of reform and opening up, the treatment of teachers has changed a lot, with a monthly salary of tens to thousands, and medical security has been fully developed. " This is an old teacher who expressed the gratifying changes and achievements of China's education development in the past 30 years in the form of poetry.
With the development of production and the progress of science and technology, people's thirst for knowledge is increasingly strong and urgent, and the old school buildings obviously can't adapt to the development of modern education. Taking advantage of the east wind of reform and opening up, 22 primary and secondary schools in Tangjun Town, with the help of higher authorities and the strong support of enthusiastic people from all walks of life and overseas Chinese, raised funds from various aspects, channels and levels, and set off another climax of running schools. In the 30 years of reform and opening up, all schools have built new school sites or buildings. The total area of all schools in the town is 157779 square meters, with a building area of 38809 square meters. The facilities and scale of the school are improving day by day, and the school is changing with each passing day.
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From popularizing nine-year compulsory education to popularizing high-quality high school education, Kunshan has built an increasingly perfect national education system and quality education system. There are 103 national, provincial and Suzhou quality schools in the city, accounting for 9 1. 15% of the total number of schools. The enrollment rate of primary schools and junior high schools in the city has increased from about 90% of 1985 to 98.7% of senior high schools. The admission rate of high school graduates in the college entrance examination has also been continuously improved. 1979, only 24 1 people were admitted to colleges and universities. This year, 3,659 people in the city were admitted to colleges and universities, and the college entrance examination admission rate was 95.7 1%, of which the undergraduate admission rate was 65.08%. Nearly one-third of the candidates in the city were admitted to colleges and universities above the second level, a record high.
Teaching Mode: From "One Word" to Quality Education
Zhouxiangdong is a Chinese teacher in Chengbei Middle School. 1988 joined the work, and he had too many feelings about the education reform. "I remember when I first joined the work, teaching was very simple, just imparting knowledge. The course is more detailed, so students can master it better. But not now. Besides imparting basic knowledge, we should also cultivate and improve students' abilities in all aspects. "zhouxiangdong told reporters with a smile," For a college student who studied Chinese a few years ago, it is not necessarily good to take the current China middle school entrance examination. "
In recent years, quality education has been mentioned in an increasingly important position. All schools have put forward the goal of student-oriented, student-oriented and promoting students' all-round development by mobilizing their initiative and creativity. Paying attention to students' all-round development, respecting students' personality differences and respecting students' personality publicity have become teachers' teaching priorities. The reporter once had the privilege of listening to a primary school Chinese class. The classroom atmosphere is very active, and the teacher's teaching content is lively and interesting, which fully mobilizes the children's learning enthusiasm, and the children have more participation and interaction in the classroom.
Zhang Fengliang, vice principal of Bailu Experimental Primary School, told reporters that more and more teachers are using heuristic education now. For a text, the teacher asks questions first, and then asks the students and the teacher to find the answer together. After class, teachers should, like students, rely on online search, library inquiry, discussion with colleagues and other forms, and finally discuss with students in class to find an answer that everyone can agree with. Students' ability has also been exercised and improved in this series of participation activities.
This educational concept and teaching mode are completely different from those of 10 and 20 years ago. At that time, classroom teaching was more of a teacher's "centralized" education. The whole class is listening to the teacher, and the class is boring. After class, the teacher will assign a lot of homework for the students to digest themselves. When it's time for the exam, the students burn the midnight oil to memorize the exam contents. Nowadays, a brand-new education method has completely replaced the "centralized" education in the past, making teaching full of vitality.
While changing classroom teaching methods, schools pay more and more attention to students' extracurricular activities. Homework is no longer the only learning content. More and more activities help to cultivate students' all-round quality, such as visits and inter-school exchanges, which enrich students' knowledge to some extent. Physical education class, music classes and art classes are increasingly diversified, and various special interest classes provide students with opportunities to cultivate hobbies.
"As young people born in 1980s, we are a very happy generation. With the deepening of reform and opening up, the voice of reducing the burden on primary school students is getting higher and higher, and I just caught up with such a good opportunity. The senior high school entrance examination from primary school to junior high school was cancelled, and I went to a nearby middle school. In the meantime, in addition to participating in interest classes in subjects such as Olympics and English, which were very popular at that time, I also participated in interest classes in painting and other arts, and the selectivity was increasing. " Yang Xiaoling, who just joined the work last year, said.
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Facing the challenges brought by educational reform and modernization, the quality of teachers in Kunshan has been continuously improved, and the continuing education of primary and secondary school teachers has become a hard indicator of the school's annual assessment. During the period of 1987, 57.09% of high school teachers in the county graduated from undergraduate courses, 65.35% from junior high schools, and 68.97% from secondary schools and senior high schools. By 2007, 79.56% of junior high school teachers have bachelor degree or above, and 84.65% of primary school teachers have junior college degree or above.
Teaching facilities: from chalk and blackboard to modern multimedia
A piece of chalk, a blackboard and a textbook are the three teaching AIDS that teachers have followed for decades. Even before 10 years ago, there were teachers writing on the blackboard with chalk. When the whole blackboard is full, they erase it before writing. After a class, there is a layer of white chalk dust on your mouth, hair and clothes, which is normal. At that time, teachers had to deal with chalk dust every day. No one expected that chalk and blackboard would be replaced by slides, projectors and multimedia one day.
"Twenty years ago, I used a small blackboard to do application problems and a small card to do math problems; 10 years ago, I took slides to class; Now use computer multimedia to have classes. From chalk and blackboards to slides, to physical projectors and multimedia, more and more modern teaching equipment has begun to enter schools and classrooms in the past 30 years. " Su Jueqing, who has nearly 20 years of teaching experience, told reporters.
"I remember when I was studying, every time I had a math class, the teacher would carry one or two small blackboards to the classroom. When talking about examples, the teacher hangs up the small blackboard, sometimes covering part of the content with white paper. English teachers like to use small cards to write some words in advance and draw them one by one for students to read. The scene at that time was still vivid. " It's been five years since Jiang Fengming graduated from university, but he still remembers when he was studying.
These seemingly crude teaching tools are actually prepared by teachers to improve classroom teaching efficiency. It was not until the 1990s that small blackboards and cards were gradually replaced by slides. At that time, in some primary and secondary schools in the city, classrooms began to be equipped with slide projectors. The content of the teacher's lesson preparation and practice is written on thin slides, arranged in order, and put on the content of the lecture one by one. However, slide teaching often leads to confusion when the teacher slightly adjusts the order of lectures. With the deepening of education reform, modern teaching tools gradually enter students' sight. The word "teaching courseware", which is very strange to reporters, is so common in the mouth of a pupil under the age of 10.
On September 9, the reporter came to Yufeng Experimental School. This is a new school built by 200 1 municipal government with an investment of nearly 80 million yuan, and it is also a microcosm of primary and secondary schools in the city. Spacious classrooms, green lawns, patchwork buildings ... students play football and play on the playground, and the whole campus is modern and full of vitality. In the classroom, the students in class are seriously staring at the LCD TV screen above the blackboard, which shows the main points of the teacher's lecture. In the teacher's office, many teachers are preparing lessons with laptops. "In the past, in order to get enough information, teachers asked people to look for teaching AIDS everywhere. Now there is everything on the computer; In the past, it was necessary to write all the lessons on the blackboard bit by bit. Now, you can not only prepare lessons by computer and make beautiful courseware, but also make adjustments in class at any time. The modernization of teaching has brought great changes to classroom teaching. " Teacher Wang Xufang, who teaches primary school English, said.
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In the early days of reform and opening up, most schools in Kunshan were very humble, and bungalows were the mainstream of classrooms in that era. However, after 30 years of development, especially in recent 15 years, Kunshan has increased its investment in education. According to the working principle of "three-level linkage between town and school and overall regional promotion", from 1995 to 2007, the city invested about 2.5 billion yuan in education, including 2.05 billion yuan in school building construction and 450 million yuan in equipment purchase. At present, an average of 1.3 classrooms in the city have a set of multimedia equipment.