1952 colleges and universities in China adjust the whole clan.

★ The original text is reproduced from "1952 China University Transfer Headquarters" by adminecnu ★

1952 colleges and universities in China adjust the whole clan.

A, China * * * production party took over institutions of higher learning in the early days.

Two, according to the "Soviet model" to implement departmental adjustment.

Third, the long-term consequences of the adjustment of colleges and universities and the "Soviet model"

To annotate ...

1952 [1] From June to September, the China government made a large-scale adjustment to the establishment of colleges and universities, which achieved the modernization of the Republic of China.

Higher education institutions have been transformed into a "Soviet model" higher education system serving centralization of authority. Although these measures can slow down

It solved the shortage of technical talents at that time, but it also had a negative impact on China's higher education and social progress in the second half of the 20th century.

The development of modern higher education in China has gone through a long detour. At present, although China is trying to increase the number of departments.

And merged universities to rebuild this "Soviet-style" higher education system, but did not reflect on the adjustment of departments and colleges 50 years ago.

The profound lessons of policy. This paper attempts to analyze the origin, process and consequences of the adjustment of departments from 65438 to 0952 in order to reform the current higher education.

Leather mirror.

A, China * * * production party took over institutions of higher learning in the early days.

As early as the "Liberation War" period before the establishment of the China government, with the continuous opening of new liberated areas,1July 3, 948,

* * * The Central Committee issued the "Instructions on Striving for and Reforming Intellectuals and School Education in New Districts". The document puts forward: "For

The original school should maintain its existence and make necessary and possible improvements step by step. ""the so-called maintenance of its existence is

No matter where you go, you should protect the school and all kinds of cultural equipment to avoid damage. ""It is necessary and possible to do it step by step. "

Improvement means only doing what you can do at the beginning, such as canceling reactionary political courses, civic books and Kuomintang books

Discipline system. Everything else remains the same. Only a few elements have been removed from the faculty, and the rest will try to continue their work. " [2]

After the People's Liberation Army occupied large and medium-sized cities, the Military Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Military Commission) immediately took over the local higher education.

Institutions. 1948 15 February, the People's Liberation Army entered Haidian District of Beiping, and the following year, 65438+ 10/0, the "Military Management Committee" of Beiping was established.

Send a "military representative" to formally take over Tsinghua University. The "military representative" first convened school leaders, teachers, students and industrial police.

Delegates, announce the principles and policies of the takeover, consult their opinions, and then hold a teacher-student meeting to formally announce it.

After the takeover, the school business and the life of the teaching staff were managed by the "military representative" and the "Military Management Committee" provided teachers and students.

Living expenses and necessary funds for maintaining school affairs; At the same time, it also changed some curriculum settings and abolished the "Kuomintang party righteousness"

Courses such as "Six Laws" have added Marxism-Leninism courses. 1 949 June1day, the people's government of north China announced "

"North China Higher Education Committee Organization Rules" stipulates the functions and powers of North China Higher Education Committee. Since then, Beiping City College

All the institutions that have been taken over are managed by the North China Higher Education Commission. [3] Shanghai on the eve of liberation, * * * answer

Management personnel are concentrated in Danyang, Jiangsu. In order to prepare for the takeover of colleges and universities, the Ministry of Higher Education was established, specializing in

Investigate the situation of colleges and universities and make plans. After the takeover personnel entered the city, they first called for the resumption of classes, and at the same time held various forums for publicity.

* * * In terms of principles and policies. They took over Jiaotong University on June 1949, Fudan University on June 24th, and then on June 25th.

Tongji University completed the handover at the end of June. From July to 65438+February, the receiving party organized school committees in various universities.

Most schools have added political courses and renamed the "temporary aid" for students as "people's grants". 1950

On March 1 1, the Ministry of Education of East China Military and Political Commission was formally established. Since then, all colleges and universities in Shanghai have been placed under the management of the Ministry. [4] National high

The school takeover procedure is basically the same as that in Shanghai and Beijing.

Two, according to the "Soviet model" to implement departmental adjustment.

1949 years later, 10 years later, the central government promulgated the same program, stipulating: "China people * * * and the country's cultural and educational undertakings.

For new democracy, it is a national, scientific and popular cultural education. [5] According to the explanation of the central government at that time.

University courses are not "nationalized, scientific and popular" to a certain extent, and cannot adapt to national construction.

There is an urgent demand for professional talents, and the government "should gradually reform the old education system, education content and teaching methods" [6].

]。

In February of the same year, in 65438+, the Central Committee held the "First National Conference on Education Work", which was decided on the basis of Mao Zedong's suggestion.

This paper introduces the principle of "basing on the new educational experience in the old areas and absorbing the beneficial experience from the old ones",

Because the education of senior cadres in the old liberated areas is the product of rural environment and war environment, it is especially necessary to build it with the help of Soviet education.

Advanced experience "[7]," Special attention should be paid to political education and technical education "[8]. At that time, the China government lacked

Experience in running a school depends largely on the help of Soviet experts. In the 1960s, colleges and universities in China hired 86 1 Soviet educators.

Experts, directly involved in the transformation and construction of higher education in China, China sent as many foreign students and senior teachers as possible to the Soviet Union.

9 106 people.

With the help of Soviet experts, the government set up two "educational reforms" in 1950 according to the experience of the Soviet Union.

Mode ":One is China Renmin University for liberal arts, and the other is Harbin Institute of Technology for science and engineering. Harbin Institute of Technology

Learn from the model management of Soviet University of Technology. The government's policy for running China Renmin University is "teaching and practice".

Contact, the experience of the Soviet Union combined with the situation in China ",and invested huge sums of money to set up this school to cultivate Marxism-Leninism politics for colleges and universities all over the country.

Teaching theoretical courses and training a large number of "transfer students" teachers at the same time, the funds of a school in China Renmin University account for 1950.

20% of the total budget of the Ministry of Education [9].

1 950 June1day, Minister of Education Ma Xulun made it clear for the first time at the first national conference on higher education: "I

Students should, under the unified policy, initially adjust the national public and private institutions of higher learning or some of their departments according to needs and possibilities, so as to

It will better meet the needs of national construction "[10]. In June of the same year, Mao Zedong put forward at the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee: "Yes.

On this issue, we should conscientiously carry out the reform of old school education and old social and cultural undertakings step by step.

It is wrong to procrastinate and not want to reform. "[1 1] Since then, the Central Ministry of Education has targeted all localities and schools.

The report for instructions on the merger and adjustment of colleges and universities gradually puts forward some specific principles for the adjustment of departments, such as "separation of departments,

Mainly depends on whether the equipment and teachers are sufficient. ""In the future, the new department must become more and more specialized. "

It is in line with the needs of construction that the original departments and groups of the school develop towards specialization. [ 12]

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, * * * once organized the adjustment of colleges and universities on a small scale. 1949 end, Peking University and

Nankai University Education Department merged into Beijing Normal University Education Department; Department of Agriculture, Peking University, Tsinghua University and North China University

Beijing Agricultural University was formed by the merger of two colleges. 1950 in the second half of the year, the Department of Border Politics of Nanjing University Law School was abolished, and the school's associations were cancelled.

The department was merged into the political department; Anhui University Civil Engineering Department and Art Department merged into Nanjing University; Department of Biology, Fudan University, Ocean

Group B merged into Shandong University; Nanjing University Medical College was renamed "Fifth Military Medical University" after being led by the Ministry of Health of East China Military and Political Commission.

study "

Under the influence of the policies of "learning from the Soviet Union" and "leaning towards the Soviet Union", the government of China proposed to systematize it in 195 1.

According to the centralized management, state ownership and high division of labor of Soviet higher education, the Soviet educational model was successfully transplanted.

Constructing the professional education system of higher education system in China. Since then, the China government has begun to implement a centralized and unified plan for colleges and universities.

Planning and management, including enrollment, specialty setting, personnel appointment, student status management, curriculum setting, etc.

The scope of government planning management. Colleges and universities try out the political counselor system, with specialized personnel serving as political counselors at all levels and presiding over the work.

Political study and ideological reform of college students. At the same time, the government gradually abolished the missionary universities and reformed and restricted them.

Private universities. The Ministry of Education of East China established public East China on the basis of private summer university in Shanghai and private Guanghua University.

Normal university. 195 1 At the end of the year, all 20 missionary universities in China were reorganized, of which 1 1 was nationalized and changed into public universities.

Studies (namely Fu Jen Catholic University, yenching university, Jingu University, Union Medical College, Mingxian College, Jinling University, Jinling Women's College of Literature).

Fujian Christian University School of Science, South China Women's College of Arts and Sciences, Huazhong University, Wenhua Library College, West China Society.

And the other nine are still privately owned, run by China people and funded by the government (namely Soochow University, cheeloo university,

St. John's University, Zhijiang University, Hujiang University, Aurora University, Aurora Women's College of Arts and Sciences, Lingnan University, and Exquisite Business School.

Hospital).

195 1 year1kloc-0/month, the central Ministry of education held a national meeting of directors of engineering colleges and universities to draw up the adjustment of departments of engineering colleges and universities nationwide.

The whole plan was repeatedly demonstrated by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Heavy Industry and the Ministry of Fuel Industry of the central government, and finally put forward.

The Adjustment Plan of National Institute of Technology [13] was booked and approved by the State Council. The adjustment plan is based on North China, East China and Central South China.

Pay attention to regional institutes of technology. In Beijing, Tsinghua University was transformed into a multidisciplinary industrial institution of higher learning, Peking University Institute of Technology.

Yenching university Engineering Department merged into Tsinghua University; Keep Peking University as a comprehensive university, and cancel yenching university and Tsinghua University.

Yenching university's three colleges of literature, science and law and the departments of literature, science and law merged into Peking University. I work in Tianjin and Nankai University.

College, Institute of Technology of Jingu University and Hebei Institute of Technology merged into Tianjin University. In addition, Zhejiang University was transformed into a multidisciplinary industrial high school.

Among other universities, the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of Zhijiang University was merged into Zhejiang University, and the College of Literature of Zhejiang University was merged into Zhijiang University. Nanjing University

The School of Engineering, the Department of Electrical Engineering of Jinling University, the Department of Chemical Engineering of Hangzhou Zhijiang University and the Department of Architecture merged to form an independent South.

Beijing Institute of Technology; Two aviation engineering departments, Nanjing University and Zhejiang University, were merged into Shanghai Jiaotong University to establish aviation engineering.

Hospital; The Water Conservancy Department of Wuhan University, the Water Conservancy Department of Nanchang University and the Water Conservancy Department of Guangxi University were combined to form the Water Conservancy Department of Wuhan University.

University; Department of Mining and Metallurgy Engineering of Wuhan University, Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Hunan University, Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Guangxi University and Department of Mining of Nanchang University merged.

Zhongnan Institute of Mining and Metallurgy is a newly-built school located in Changsha, with coal mining department and iron and steel smelting department. The School of Engineering of Sun Yat-sen University, the School of Engineering of South China United University, the Department of Engineering of Lingnan University and Guangdong Institute of Technology also merged into the newly established South China Institute of Technology. The Department of Aeronautical Engineering of Southwest Institute of Technology was merged into Beijing Institute of Technology (formerly North China University Institute of Technology).

With the advancement of China's industrialization, there is an urgent need for a large number of qualified professionals, especially in the field of industrial construction.

Specialized talents "[14]. The above-mentioned "adjustment plan for engineering colleges" aims to concentrate teachers of the same subject in one place, but engineering colleges

By the beginning of 1952, there were only 36 engineering colleges among the 206 universities in China, accounting for 17%, with engineering students.

The proportion of college students is also roughly at this level [15], and the level of engineering colleges is not high and the scale is small, which is impossible.

Cultivate well-equipped engineering and technical personnel.

1952 the Ministry of education has developed specialized schools in accordance with the requirements of the central government to "focus on cultivating industrial construction talents and teachers".

And strengthen comprehensive universities "[16], and put forward the policy of" cultivating and supplying all kinds of construction undertakings (industry first) in time.

Necessary senior and middle-level cadres and technicians ",so it was decided to increase 95 institutions of higher learning, including higher engineering.

There are 50 hospitals and 25 normal colleges [17]. The Ministry of Education has drafted and issued "Adjustment and Setup of National Colleges and Universities 1952".

"Case", imitating the Soviet university model, implemented the adjustment of colleges and departments in colleges and universities nationwide, focusing on three regions: North China, East China and Northeast China. this time

The characteristics of the adjustment are as follows: in addition to retaining a few comprehensive universities of arts and sciences, single-subject universities are established under the centralized management of the industry; Strive for development

Independent engineering colleges have successively set up specialized colleges and specialties such as steel, geology, aviation, mining and water conservancy.

From June 65438 to June 0952, another round of adjustment of colleges and departments in Beijing and Tianjin began, followed by East China, Southwest China and Northeast China.

By the end of 1952, three-quarters of colleges and universities in China had implemented the adjustment of departments, forming China's higher education in the second half of the 20th century.

The basic model of the education system. At that time, the Ministry of Education stipulated that there should be at least 1 comprehensive universities to train scientific research talents and teachers, but there should be no more than four in major administrative regions of the country. "run fewer or no multidisciplinary engineering colleges and run more specialized industrial engineering colleges"; Every administrative region must set up 1 to 3 normal colleges to train high school teachers, and all provinces can set up normal colleges.

Schools should train junior high school teachers, and normal colleges should set up departments in strict accordance with the needs of secondary education. [ 18]

According to this adjustment plan, only Peking University, Nankai University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Shandong University, Northeast Renmin University, Sun Yat-sen University and Wuhan University are kept as comprehensive universities of arts and sciences; Tsinghua University, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Chongqing University, Jiaotong University, Tongji University, Zhejiang University, etc. It is positioned as a multidisciplinary higher industrial college. At the same time, the following universities have been newly established: Beijing Institute of Geology, established by Peking University, Tsinghua University, Tianjin University and the Geology Department of Tangshan Railway Institute; Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel was established by Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan Railway Institute, Institute of Technology of Shanxi University, Department of Metallurgy of Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Mining of Beijing Institute of Technology, Department of Iron and Steel Machinery and School of Mining of Tianjin University. Beijing Institute of Aeronautics was formed by the merger of the Aviation Department of Beijing University of Technology, Tsinghua University Institute of Aeronautics and the Aviation Department of Sichuan University. Beijing Forestry College was formed by the merger of Beijing Agricultural University, Hebei Agricultural College and Forestry Department of Pingyuan Agricultural College. —— Beijing Agricultural Mechanization College was formed by the merger of the Mechanical Department of Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing Ji Geng School and Agricultural College; The Central College of Finance and Economics was formed by merging the departments of finance and economics of Peking University, Tsinghua University, yenching university and Fu Jen Catholic University with the departments of the Central College of Finance. The departments of politics and law in Peking University, Tsinghua University and yenching university merged with the sociology department of Fu Jen Catholic University to form the Beijing Institute of Politics and Law. Tianjin Teachers College was formed by the merger of former Tianjin University Teachers College and Tianjin Teachers College. The former law departments of Fudan University, Nanjing University, Anhui University, Aurora University, Shanghai College and Soochow Law School merged with the political departments of Fudan University, Nanjing University, Hujiang University and St. John's University to form Lihua-Oriental School of Political Science and Law; Shanghai Second Medical College was formed by merging the former St. John's University Medical College and Aurora University Medical College; East China College of Pharmacy was formed by the merger of the former Department of Pharmacy of cheeloo university and the Department of Pharmacy of Soochow University. East China Institute of Chemical Technology was formed by the merger of former Jiaotong University, Datong University, Aurora University, Soochow University and Jiangnan University. East China Institute of Water Conservancy was formed by the merger of former Jiaotong University, Tongji University, Nanjing University, Water Conservancy Department of Zhejiang University and East China Institute of Water Conservancy. East China Aviation College was formed by the merger of the aviation departments of Nanjing University, Jiaotong University and Zhejiang University. East China Institute of Physical Education was formed by the merger of East China Normal University, Nanjing University and the Physical Education Department of Jinling University. Shandong University of Finance and Economics was formed by the merger of cheeloo university-University Economics Department and Shandong Accounting Institute. Subei Agricultural College was formed by the merger of the Agricultural Department of Jiangnan University and Nantong College. Wuhan University, Hunan University and Guangxi University merged to form Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; Chongqing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture was formed by the merger of Chongqing University, Guizhou University and Civil Engineering Department of North Sichuan University. The former Chongqing University, Sichuan University and Chemical Engineering Department of North Sichuan University merged to form Sichuan Institute of Chemical Technology. Dongbei University of Finance and Economics was formed by the merger of Finance and Credit Department, Accounting and Statistics Department of Dongbei Renmin University, Dongbei Finance College, Dongbei Bank College and Dongbei Planning and Statistics College. The former Northeast Institute of Geology, the Department of Geology and Geology of Northeast University of Technology and the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong University merged to form Northeast Institute of Geology; The Forestry Department of Northeast Agricultural College merged with the Forestry Department of Heilongjiang Agricultural College to form Northeast Forestry College; The former Agricultural College of Fudan University moved to Shenyang Agricultural College, and the Northeast-Water Conservancy major merged; Inner Mongolia Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College was formed by the merger of Hebei Agricultural College and the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department of Pingyuan Agricultural College.

1952 after the adjustment of departments, the number of colleges and universities such as engineering, agriculture, forestry, teachers' training and medicine has greatly increased compared with the previous 108.

It has increased to 149, while comprehensive colleges have obviously decreased, from 5 1 before adjustment to 21[19]; Works before 1949

Compared with the number of students in agriculture, forestry, normal university and medical college in the highest year in history, the number of students in these four disciplines is from 1952.

The number of students majoring in politics and law has almost doubled from 70,400 to138,400, but the number of students majoring in politics and law has dropped from 37,682 to 3,830.

[20]。

In addition to the merger and reorganization of colleges and universities, the adjustment of colleges and departments has also set up new majors according to the needs of planned economy and industrial construction

"New majors are often narrower than those of western college students" [21]; At the same time, "Inside the University in the Republic of China"

The structure of "school → college → department → group" in the Soviet model was changed to "school → department → teaching and research section (group)". In addition,

Private universities and former missionary universities were all changed to public universities, while Fu Jen Catholic University, Jinling University, cheeloo university University and St. John's University were cancelled.

The names of Xue, Zhijiang University, Hujiang University, Aurora University, Lingnan University and South China United University were merged into their departments.

Other local universities (such as Fu Jen Catholic University merged into Beijing Normal University, and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Jinling University merged into Nanjing University)

Department).

Third, the long-term consequences of the adjustment of colleges and universities and the "Soviet model"

1952' s adjustment of colleges and departments has certainly solved the chronic disease that engineering in higher education in China is too weak, but its shortcomings can not be ignored.

Suddenly. At that time, the China administration lacked understanding of the development law and reality of higher education in the world, and summarized the educational experience of the Soviet Union.

Politicized understanding is even confused with "the superiority of the socialist system", and then the European and American countries and the Republic of China are completely denied.

The idea of higher education and beneficial academic tradition in this period abandoned the general education for undergraduates.

The main body of running a school has also changed from diversification to centralization in the past. This "Soviet model" education system has the following obvious shortcomings.

：

First, replace the modern education model with skill training. 1952 has established a highly unified education model.

Type, erase the differences between schools and individual students; However, the professional education system that is too detailed in disciplines makes colleges and universities specialized.

Business has become quite narrow, and students' knowledge structure is single, which affects the infiltration, blending and development between disciplines, and also hinders the infiltration, blending and development between disciplines.

Possibility of cultivating master's talents. The biggest difference between modern education and skill training is that modern education is not just about imparting knowledge.

Knowledge also breeds a steady stream of human resources. If students only have narrow professional knowledge and interests, maybe they can.

Trained as a "craftsman", but never a master. Humanistic edification and scientific and technological education are harmonious but different; both

It plays an important role in cultivating students' sound personality and logical abstract thinking. 1949, although China cultivated

There are many technical experts, but almost no top talents in the world's science and technology and social sciences have been produced. This is the same as 1952.

The adjustment of departments in led to the separation of long-term arts, science and engineering in higher education, and the separation of humanities education from science education.

The defect of thinking mode brought by students and the bias of knowledge "[22] are highly related. Even in the so-called synthesis of 2 1

In fact, Peking University, Nanjing University and other Hehe universities have only arts and sciences left, and all other departments have been removed.

In the early days of liberation, Nanjing University had 42 departments in seven categories, namely, literature, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine and normal education, which were only preserved after the adjustment of departments.

There are 13 departments in arts and sciences [23], and these limited departments are divided according to the traditional disciplines of arts and sciences.

There is no real integration between arts and sciences, even between arts and sciences departments and between scientific disciplines.

Mutual infiltration and blending. Therefore, the so-called "comprehensive university (liberal arts)-multi-science" was formed after the adjustment of departments.

The university setting mode of "science university-single-subject college" is due to social science and natural science, basic science and applied science.

The disconnection and separation between learning and learning has affected the renewal and development of disciplines and the quality of personnel training; At the same time, it also hinders the future high.

Basic research in other schools is combined with applied research and development research. [24]

Second, it pays more attention to engineering than science, and seriously weakens humanities and social sciences such as politics and law, finance and economics. 1947 higher education in China

College students majoring in political science and law account for 24% of the total number of college students. By 1952, this proportion has dropped to 2%, and it has arrived.

1962 only accounts for 0.46%. Take PoliticalScience as an example. In the late Qing Dynasty, Shi Jing University Hall was opened soon.

Among its eight subjects, there is "political discipline", and most colleges and universities established after the Revolution of 1911 have also been established.

Department of Political Science; During the period of 1948, nearly 50 universities in China set up political science departments to train political science talents.

The courses offered by these departments include not only political science courses such as political theory, comparative politics, international politics and China politics,

There are also administrative learning and operational administration. At that time, the teaching and research of political science and administrative science in China had been adopted.

A group of famous scholars have emerged, published many valuable works on political science and administration, and made considerable achievements. 1949

The problem facing post-China is how to establish a stable, efficient and real socialist government with the people as the masters of the country.

Political system, it stands to reason that political science should be of great use in this opportunity, but 1952 China's administration imitated the Soviet model.

In the process of faculty adjustment, the political science department of the university was cancelled, and political science was not allowed as an independent discipline.

Existence. After the cancellation of political science and the gradual decline of law, such a great tragedy as the "Cultural Revolution" occurred, which

It makes people think. [25] Today, China still only regards the law as a tool in the hands of the rulers, and the constitutional concept is still in its infancy.

The embryonic state, far from entering the concept of governing the country, is also directly related to the lack of political and legal education after departmental adjustment.

Third, the "Soviet model" higher education system has led to the lack of humanistic spirit of several generations in China, which gives

Now the deterioration of China's moral spirit has laid a curse. At that time, China government was born out of the short-term needs of economic construction.

In order to achieve quick success and instant benefit, we should focus on training a large number of engineering professionals, which has nothing to do with practical skills training.

The department was uprooted, leading to the loss of humanism. Students are in a state of high despotism.

Under the guidance of educational system and educational concept, it is cultivated as a tool. Tsinghua University, for example, is a very powerful place.

A first-class comprehensive university, which integrates humanities, arts and sciences, once shined brilliantly in humanities and sciences at the beginning of last century.

Liang Qichao, Chen Yinque, Zhao Yuanren, Zhu Ziqing, Hu Shi, Wang Guowei and many other glorious and immortal names,

, Wen Yiduo, Jin, Liang Sicheng, Feng Youlan, Pan Guangdan, Cao Yu, Qian Zhongshu, Xiong Qinglai,

Hua and others have made outstanding contributions to China's academic research and the blending of eastern and western cultures. But in the early 1965- 1950 s, the government only

Considering the urgent need to train industrial talents in national construction, humanities, social sciences and science in Tsinghua University were cancelled.

Greatly influenced the development of Tsinghua University since then. The development of engineering and science is closely linked, without scientific knowledge.

Based on knowledge, it is impossible for engineering to advance independently. So is Peking University. Due to that department adjustment in 1952,

Injury, China's Tsinghua and Peking University can only become the cradle of international students. More importantly, the education system is successful.

Generations that have grown up lack humanistic spirit. People of insight in China once called for attention to the negative impact of this loss on China's social development, but the negative impact of the "Soviet model" higher education system will last for a long time.

To annotate ...

[1] edited by Chen Wenbin, Lin Yunhui, etc., Fifty Years of China * * * Production Party in Power, China * * * Party History Publishing House, 1999 edition.

Page 56.

[2] Central Policy Research Office, Policy Compilation, May 5, 1949.

[3] Archives of the Ministry of Education, long-term volume 1948- 1949, volume 12.

[4] Archives of the Ministry of Education, long-term volume 1950, volume 1 1.

[5] Zhai Baokui, editor-in-chief, Collected Works of Education (Vol. 17), People's Education Press, 199 1 Edition, pp. 3 and 4.

[6] The source is the same as above.

[7] China Education Yearbook (1949- 198 1), China Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1984, p. 684.

[8] Source with Note [5], page 5.

[9] Cheng, Universities in War, People's Education Press, 1982, p. 159.

[10] edited by Mao Shen, General History of Education in China (Volume 6), Shandong Education Press, 1989,

Page 73.

[1 1] Mao Zedong Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (Volume I), Central Literature Publishing House, 1987, p. 394.

[12] Archives of the Ministry of Education, Department Adjustment Volume 1950.

[13] Su Weichang, editor-in-chief, General History of Education System in China (Volume 8), Shandong Education Press, 2000, p.

94,95 pages.

[14] "Do a good job in departmental adjustment and effectively train national construction cadres", "Selected important documents since the founding of the People's Republic of China" (P.

3 volumes), Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, p. 345.

[15] Citation with Note [7], p. 967.

[16] The source is the same as the note [14], p. 346.

[17] Comprehensive Report of the Party Group of the Central Ministry of Education in June and July, Selected Important Documents Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (Volume 3)

Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, pp. 355 and 356.

[18] Archives of the Ministry of Education, Department Adjustment Volume 1952.

[19] fifty years of higher education research in China, 1999, p. 1864.

[20] China Education Yearbook, 198 1 year, p. 966.

[[2 1] R. McFarquhar and Fei Zhengqing, editor-in-chief, History of China People and Nationalities in Cambridge (1949- 1965), China Press.

Social Science Press, 1990, p. 208.

[22] Zhou, "Challenging rationality is more important than literature and promoting the integration of humanities education and science education", "China Higher Education Research",

2002 1.

[23] Wang Dezi, editor-in-chief, A Hundred Years History of Nanjing University, Nanjing University Press, 2002, p. 309.

[24] The source is the same as above.

[25] Zhao, "A Hundred Years of Politics in China", Xinhua Digest, No.7, 2000.