Concept and classification of environment

▲

Performance: resource shortage, environmental pollution, ecological destruction and global environmental change.

▲

Cause: (1) Natural causes Environmental problems caused by natural causes mainly refer to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides.

Natural disasters inherent in nature, such as typhoon, tsunami, flood and drought (2) Human causes 1. The contradiction between the finiteness of resources and the infinity of human needs (root cause)

Characteristics of contemporary environmental problems:

1, two different environmental views:

Concept and connotation of sustainable development: (1) Concept: Sustainable development is a development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a comprehensive concept involving economy, society, culture, technology and natural environment. (2) Basic ideas ① Encourage economic growth; (2) Ensure the sustainable utilization of resources and a good ecological environment; (3) Seeking all-round social progress.

Chapter II: Environmental Pollution and Prevention

1. Causes of environmental pollution: In a certain time and space, the self-purification ability of the environment is limited, and environmental pollution will occur if pollutant emissions exceed its self-purification ability.

Self-purification mechanism: physical purification, chemical purification and biological purification.

Pollutants: all kinds of heavy metal pollution process and harm: human or animal poisoning through water.

1. Formation conditions: In relatively closed bays, lakes and other water bodies, the self-purification ability is weak due to the poor fluidity of water bodies.

2. Pollutants: plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

3. Pollution sources: industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater and agricultural wastewater.

Second, air pollution prevention and control measures:

1, energy production and consumption are the main sources of air pollution; Adjusting energy strategy is the most effective and direct way to prevent and control air pollution.

▲2. Measures: ① Improve energy efficiency and save energy ② Develop clean coal technology ③ Develop.

and

(4) control acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution (5) others, such as adjustment.

Reasonable production layout, afforestation and control of ground dust.

chapter three

Utilization and protection of

Shortage of fresh water resources: 1. The index to measure the amount of water resources in a country or region is the multi-year average.

2. The essence of the shortage of fresh water resources is the imbalance between supply and demand.

Reasons for the global shortage of fresh water resources: natural reasons: ① The total amount of available fresh water resources is limited. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings: rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater ② The temporal and spatial distribution of freshwater resources is uneven. National multi-year average

Ranking: Brazil, Russian, Canadian, American, Indonesian, China.

Man-made reasons: ③ serious pollution and waste of fresh water resources; ④ Population growth, economic development, and rapid growth of water demand for production and living.

The harm caused by the shortage of fresh water resources: ① restricting economic development; (2) affecting food production safety; ③ Destroy the ecological environment; ④ Damage to human health; ⑤ Initiate international conflicts.

Second, the supply and demand of fresh water in China

▲ 1. Reasons for shortage: natural reasons: ① The total amount is rich, but the per capita is less than 2. Uneven regional distribution 3. Seasonal and interannual changes of precipitation are caused by human factors: 4. Population growth, economic development and the demand for production and domestic water have greatly increased 5. The pollution and waste of water resources are very serious.

(1) Temporal and spatial distribution of freshwater resources in China: time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, and large interannual variation space: more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west.

(2) Differences in different regions of China:

(Take Shanghai as an example) The total amount of water resources is rich and there are many water belts-the reason for water shortage: serious water pollution.

: (Yellow River, Huaihe River,

) The total amount is not rich, and the most serious water shortage is the transition zone-resource-based water shortage. Reasons: Natural reasons: ①

Seasonal and interannual changes are small ② Rivers flowing through this area.

Small, seasonal and interannual changes are caused by human factors: dense population, developed industry and agriculture, large water consumption and serious waste of water resources.

: the total amount is not rich, and the water shortage area-economic water squeezes ecological water. Bring ecological problems, such as land.

aggravate

Consequences of over-exploitation of groundwater:

Seawater intrusion deteriorates the quality of groundwater.

Three. Rational utilization and protection of water resources

1. Countermeasures to solve the shortage of fresh water in the world: open source: ① building reservoirs; (2) opening canals to divert water; ③ Rational development and extraction of groundwater; ④.

Reuse ⑤

⑥

. Throttling: agriculture: ① improve irrigation technology, reduce irrigation quota ② develop water-saving agriculture. Industry: ③ Improve water use efficiency ④ Increase the weight of water.

Utilization ratio ⑤ Sewage reuse ⑤ Development.

▲2、

Supply and demand balance countermeasures

Open source: ① build reservoirs to solve the problem of uneven time distribution of water resources; (2) opening canals to divert water; ③ Rational development and extraction of groundwater; ④.

Reuse ⑤

⑥

. Throttling: agriculture: ① improve irrigation technology, reduce irrigation quota ② develop water-saving agriculture. Industry: ③ Improve water use efficiency ④ Increase the weight of water.

Utilization ratio ⑤ Sewage reuse ⑤ Development.

. Ecology:

Returning farmland to lakes,

Returning grazing to grassland and planting trees. Others: raise water prices, enhance public awareness of water conservation, and formulate

, adjust

Second, arable land is decreasing.

Trend of World Cultivated Land Demand: Cultivated Land Resources

Lack of cultivated land resources

The reasons for the shortage of cultivated land resources in the world are as follows: ① land.

、

Land degradation and other reasons, so that

The population is increasing rapidly, and more and more cultivated land is needed.

increase

Second, the pressure of cultivated land resources in China

▲ 1. Reasons for the shortage of cultivated land resources in China: ①.

It accounts for a small proportion of the country's land area, with less cultivated land per capita, uneven distribution of cultivated land and large difference in cultivated land per capita, which is non-agricultural.

Rapid growth ④ There are many middle and low yield fields, and unreasonable utilization of cultivated land leads to land degradation and serious cultivated land pollution, which aggravates the shortage of cultivated land.

2. The reason for the small proportion of cultivated land in China is that there are many mountains, small plains and large arid areas.

3. China in recent years

Reasons for reduction: natural reasons: man-made reasons for cultivated land destruction: ecological returning farmland; Construction occupation; Adjustment of agricultural structure

4. Distribution of cultivated land in China: mainly distributed in 400 mm, etc.

Plain, basin and low hill areas in humid and semi-humid areas east of the line. Inner Mongolia Heilongjiang

The average cultivated land is the most.

5. Pay attention to three points: ① The population is growing and the per capita cultivated land is gradually decreasing; (2) During the period of large population, the per capita arable land is less; ③ During the period of rapid population growth, the per capita arable land decreased rapidly.

The country with the largest cultivated land area in Asia is India, and the country with the largest cultivated land area in the world is the United States.

The contradiction between supply and demand of cultivated land is essentially a contradiction between man and land, and controlling population growth is the key to solve this contradiction.

three

Rational utilization and protection

Cultivated land utilization and protection: 1, China land.

Cherish and rationally use land and effectively protect cultivated land. 2. The core problem of land use in China: limited protection.

▲3. Measures taken by China to solve the contradiction between the present land situation and the increasing food demand.

① Take measures to keep the total amount of cultivated land unchanged; ② Improve the land utilization rate; ③ Improve the quality of cultivated land.

Prevention and control of land degradation: 1. Definition of land degradation: the decline in the quality of land resources is usually manifested as the decline in crop yield or the decline in the quality of agricultural products on cultivated land. Causes of land degradation: natural causes: abnormal climate; Man-made causes of global warming: excessive reclamation; Overgrazing; Excessive logging; Deforestation; Improper use of water resources; The construction of industrial and mining towns causes vegetation destruction; Pollution. The manifestations of land degradation-grassland degradation, land desertification, soil salinization and soil quality decline. Soil erosion is a common and serious land degradation phenomenon. Land degradation in different regions of China;

Land desertification and grassland degradation

Salinization and soil erosion caused by unreasonable irrigation

The degradation of land quality caused by soil erosion and pollution is mainly in Qinghai-Tibet region, cold desert. 6. Three ecological problems in China:

desertification

Place of occurrence: China.

Guangdong and Guangxi hilly areas (subtropical humid,

Area) External force: Water erosion Cause: Nature: ①

Steep, shallow soil layer, abundant precipitation, high precipitation intensity in summer: excessive logging, deforestation, steep slope land reclamation.

For example: external force:-Causes of flowing water erosion: Nature: ① Loess soil is loose; (2) the precipitation is concentrated and there is heavy rain; ③ Vegetation.

● Man-made: ① Destruction of vegetation-

Changing the way, building palaces, firewood harvesting and war ② The farming system is unreasonable: environmental protection is not paid attention to during the mining process (4) The contradiction between man and land is prominent.

Jiangnan hills: red desert; Function: Causes of flowing water erosion: nature: ① Heavy rainfall, concentrated in summer, rainstorm, large surface fluctuation, unstable soil and water on sloping land, strong water system development and strong erosion ability, man-made: ① deforestation, deforestation, and the contradiction between man and land is prominent.

Desertification: Take Northwest China as an example: external force: wind erosion reason: nature: ① dry climate, less precipitation; (2) deep sandy deposits on the surface; ③ windy days are frequent and concentrated; ④ The ecological environment is fragile; ① excessive logging; ② Overgrazing; ③ Overgrazing.

(4) Improper use of water resources; (5) Lack of attention to environmental protection in the construction of industrial and mining transportation; (6) Sudden contradiction between man and land.

7. Principles of soil erosion prevention and control: ① Establish a system combining prevention, treatment and utilization; (2) prevention and control should be combined with poverty eradication and rational development and utilization of land, with prevention as the priority and coordinated development of ecology, economy and society.

▲8. Soil erosion control measures: ① Biological measures:

Returning grass, planting trees and grass, building

② Engineering measures: repair

Library, repair

, warping dam ③

Measures: Contour tillage, use

Farming at the right time and raising livestock.

Review 9. China

Its basic characteristics are: 1. Land resources are rich and varied. 2. The distribution of land resources is uneven, and the regional differences of land productivity are significant. 3. There are many mountains, less flat land and a small proportion of cultivated land. 4.

A large amount, a relatively small amount

Third, some

Frequent fatigue

China

The reasons for the contradiction between supply and demand are as follows: ① Although the total amount is rich, the per capita possession is low; ② Less mineral-rich and more mineral-poor; In addition, mining the rich and abandoning the poor reduces the grade of mineral products.

The regional distribution is unbalanced and does not match the layout of productive forces.

Rational development and utilization

Energy classification:

Mode of production: can be divided into

and

Refers to energy that can be obtained directly from nature. Among them, coal, oil and natural gas are plants and animals buried underground millions of years ago.

Form, also known as

They are in today's world.

These three pillars constitute the basic framework of the global energy family structure. Primary energy also includes hydropower, solar energy,

、

、

、

and

Wait a minute.

Refers to the energy that cannot be directly obtained from nature and must be obtained through primary energy consumption. Electric energy is the most important thing.

. Electric energy is converted from other forms of primary energy.

Gasoline, gas,

Wait a minute.

According to formation and source: energy related to the sun: solar energy, coal, oil, natural gas,

, water energy,

Wave energy, ocean current energy and energy related to heat energy in the earth;

Hot spring ball, moon and sun are interrelated: tide.

According to the length of utilization: conventional energy: it has been used on a large scale. Coal, oil, natural gas, water power, etc.

The energy that is being developed and utilized is being studied. Solar energy,

、

、

、

、

(

) and so on

Essentially:

: solar energy, wind energy, water energy,

, geothermal energy and

Say "no"

: coal, oil and natural gas

one

Distribution: 1, coal distribution: mostly in the northern hemisphere.

▲2. Coal belt: the world:

Continental coal belt: from North China to the west through Xinjiang, across

Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, France to Britain, North America, the United States and Canada.

% of the coal is distributed in Australia, China and South Africa: mainly in North China, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia have the largest reserves, and the south is seriously short of coal except Guizhou. ▲3. The distribution of oil and natural gas mainly

Release: the world,

From the Mediterranean to the Middle East, to Indonesia and the Middle East,

The most abundant reserves. The Middle East is the largest oil export region in the world.

, from

, passing through Canada, Mexico in the western United States and

To China, Dongfang, Daqing,

Dagang, Zhongyuan, Shengli, etc.

And the coast

The west,

、

、

Great basin and Turpan-Hami basin

two

Consumption and prospect: 1, energy consumption in developed countries is generally high; Energy consumption in developing countries is generally low. 2. China's total energy consumption is second only to that of the United States (because of its large population and low utilization rate), and its per capita energy consumption level is very low.

Environmental problems in the development and utilization of fossil fuels: take coal as an example: mining will destroy the surface, such as open-pit mining will lead to landslides and collapses, and underground coal mining will lead to mined-out areas.

; Coal stacking needs land occupation, and waste residue may spontaneously ignite;

Water and soil environmental pollution caused by drainage; Wait a minute. Transportation may pollute air, water and soil; The stacking of coal covers an area, which may destroy the landscape and cause pollution. Will produce a lot of CO, dust and a variety of aromatic compounds, polluting the air; Release a lot of CO2, causing global warming; Release sulfur dioxide and

, leading to the formation of acid rain, and then destroy aquatic organisms.

. It may change soil properties and endanger crops and forests.

▲ Main measures for rational development and utilization of fossil fuels: 1. adopt

Exploitation and improvement of fossil fuel resources

, change the phenomenon of indiscriminate mining and digging, mining the rich and abandoning the poor, and destroying mineral resources, and reduce the serious consumption of resources in the production process. 2. When developing and utilizing energy, environmental protection measures shall be designed, constructed, accepted and put into use simultaneously with the main project. To prevent all kinds of organic and inorganic pollutants from entering the atmosphere, water and soil in the process of resource development, causing environmental pollution problems. 3. at

We should protect cultivated land and make rational use of land in production. Due to the interference and destruction of land by energy development, it leads to

At that time, miners were responsible for reclamation and restoration to usable conditions. 4. Deep processing and finishing of fossil fuels, including developing coal washing and processing, realizing desulfurization and popularizing clean coal technology. To reduce the adverse impact on the environment in the process of utilization. 5. Implement energy structure reform, and use as much natural gas as possible in fossil fuels.

Replace fossil fuel resources with the following substances

Second, develop a diversified energy system.

1, inch

Since then, the world energy structure has gradually changed from the oil age to include oil, natural gas, coal and natural gas.

Hydropower and other energy sources complement each other and compete for development.

2. Necessity of developing a diversified energy system: ① From the global development trend, due to the growth of population and per capita energy consumption, human demand for energy resources continues to grow. (2) The use of fossil fuels has a negative impact on the environment, which is caused by

More and more important.

Therefore, the general trend of world energy in the future is to develop diversified energy systems and efficient and clean energy technologies.

Step 3 be energetic

Refers to the proportion of all kinds of energy consumed in the total energy consumption. At present, China's energy consumption is dominated by coal, accounting for about 70%, while the world's energy consumption is dominated by oil and natural gas, accounting for about 60%, and coal only accounts for about 30%.

Solar energy: the most important thing can be

Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy: advantages: ① huge energy; ② Clean and pollution-free; (3) renewable and inexhaustible; Disadvantages: ① distraction; Low density; Difficult to use; ② It is greatly influenced by the weather; It can only be used on sunny days.

2. Utilization of solar energy: ① Photothermal conversion ②

3. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich in solar energy.

Solar energy is scarce (why? )

3. Factors affecting the distribution of solar energy: ① Latitude: low latitude,

Strong; High latitude,

Weak (2) weather: sunny days are the best.

More; More cloudy days, less terrain 3: high terrain, thin atmosphere; Low terrain,

Thickness ④ Atmospheric transparency: good transparency and strong solar radiation; Poor transparency is weak.

4. The reasons why the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich in solar energy are as follows: ① the terrain is high, the atmosphere is thin, the atmosphere is clean, the transparency is good, and the weakening effect on solar radiation is small; ② There are many sunny days and long sunshine hours; ③ Low latitude and strong solar radiation.

Reasons for the lack of solar energy: rainy and foggy, sunny and less province,

The reason why the southwest is rich in solar energy is because it is located on the leeward slope of the summer monsoon and there are many sunny days.

Wind energy: 1. Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy: Advantages: ① Renewable ② Clean and pollution-free.

, low cost Disadvantages: ①

Low ② Limited by seasons, unstable wind speed ③ Difficult to store and transport.

2. The distribution law of wind energy in China: space: north > south; From the seaside to the inland, it decreases rapidly, and the inland increases again: winter and spring > summer and autumn.

3、

Location of the station: an area with high annual average wind speed and stable wind power.

Sanshui energy: the most widely used

Advantages and disadvantages of hydropower: advantages: ① renewable ② clean and pollution-free; ③ Low power generation cost; ④

After completion, there are advantages and disadvantages: ① the construction period is long; ② Relocation of residents; (3) The power generation is affected by the seasonal variation of water quantity; ④ It may have adverse effects on the reservoir area and the surrounding environment.

2. Figure 3. 14,

The favorable and unfavorable effects of construction on the environment

3. Top five countries in water resources: China, Russian Federation, Brazil, United States and Canada. Countries with the largest proportion of hydropower: Norway and Brazil.

4. Figure 3. 15, distribution of water energy in China (influencing factors: river runoff, river drop) Southwest: large amount of water; At the junction of the first and second steps, there is a large gap. Central South: large amount of water; At the junction of the second and third steps, the gap in the northwest direction is large: the water volume is large; At the junction of the first and second steps, there is a large gap. East China: large amount of water; The gap between Northeast China and North China is small: the amount of water is small; Small water droplets

four

: 1, distribution: narrow bay, shallow sea, estuary 2, advantages and disadvantages: clean, pollution-free, hindering the entry and exit of ships and fish.

five

: 1、

The traditional utilization mode: firewood, on the one hand, causes environmental pollution, on the other hand, causes resource waste.

2. New ways of utilization:

(the main component is methane), which is

Due to the temperature limitation, the utilization time in the south is long and that in the north is short.

3. Biogas is an ideal energy source in rural areas: ① rich in raw materials, which can be prepared in dispersion and used locally; ② Solve the problem of insufficient energy consumption in rural areas; ③ Relieve the contradiction between fuel, feed and fertilizer; 4 realization.

, improve

Promote agricultural production

, improve the agricultural ecological environment

4. How to solve the problem of rural energy shortage in China: ① Construction.

② Development of biogas ③ Development

④

Develop and utilize solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. ⑤ Promote firewood-saving stoves.

Geothermal energy: 1. Advantages and disadvantages: ① Low cost ② Renewable disadvantages: ① The development technology is difficult and the required cost is high; ② There is not much room for development; ③ The update speed is slow; (4) contains toxic substances, pay attention to environmental protection.

2. Distribution: There are abundant geothermal resources at the junction of plates.

Ecological environment protection

1, forest is land

The largest, the most complex and the most lasting.

. 2. Forest protection and tree planting are the core of ecosystem protection.

▲ 1. The ecological value of forest: ① adjusting climate, ② conserving water, maintaining soil and water, preventing wind and fixing sand, ③ absorbing noise, smoking for dust removal, releasing oxygen, purifying air, ④ breeding species and maintaining.

⑤ Protecting farmland ⑤ Beautifying the economic value of forest: ① Making furniture ② Important raw materials for paper industry ③ There are many kinds of medicinal materials in the forest ④ Important.

When the ecological value of the forest is greater than the economic value, people compare the forest to "the general dispatching room of nature". Primary value: improving the ecological environment

Obviously, forests in different regions play different roles:

Coastal soil and water conservation, soil and water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixation

: Defend against typhoons and tsunamis and improve along

National environment in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River

Forests and mountains: cities that conserve water and soil.

Functions: Smoking for dust removal, air filtration, noise absorption, environment beautification and climate adjustment.

Protect the coast, maintain

▲ Second, the consequences of forest destruction: ecological imbalance, environmental deterioration, frequent floods, increased soil erosion, land desertification, global temperature rise,

▲ Third, the causes of forest destruction: ① excessive burning, ② large-scale farm and pasture development, ③ commercial logging, ④ mining, water conservancy, highway construction, urban construction, ⑤ deforestation in the agricultural era, and ⑤ war.

8、

Frequent reasons: nature: ① It flows through humid areas and the rainy season is long.

Large, concentrated in the summer rain ②

There are many tributaries. (3) Abnormal monsoon activity in some years, rainstorm in the basin, north-south tributaries and floods in Sichuan.

Water volume superposition ④ The flood discharge capacity of the river channel is insufficient, especially

Section, low-lying, curved river, poor water flow (5) there are not enough flood control and detention places in the middle reaches. Man-made: ① Vegetation in the middle and upper reaches of mountainous areas is destroyed, water conservation capacity is reduced, and rivers

The increase of discharge ② The soil erosion in the middle and upper reaches of the mountain area is aggravated, the river sediment concentration is increased, sediment deposition, river bed elevation and flood discharge capacity are reduced ③ Due to sediment deposition and land reclamation around the lake, the lake in the middle and lower reaches shrinks and the flood storage capacity is weakened.

▲ China

What measures are there: ① Strengthen the rule of law and prohibit deforestation ②.

, build

(3) planned logging, combination of cutting and breeding; (4) Planting trees and actively constructing artificial forests; (5) Encourage protective development and change of mountainous areas.

⑥ Improve people's awareness of environmental protection. Natural grassland distribution: areas with insufficient rainfall. Economic value: development

basis

▲ Ecological value: wind and sand fixation, water conservation, soil and water conservation, air purification and maintenance.

Regulating climate

▲ Human causes of grassland degradation: population increase-> demand for livestock products increase-> overload and overgrazing-> grassland degradation: grass groups become sparse and low, grass yield decreases, and grass quality deteriorates.

▲ Causes and control measures of grassland degradation in China: (1) Causes: natural causes: (1) arid climate, fragile ecological environment, (2) global warming, intensified evaporation, decreased precipitation and serious rodent pests. Man-made reasons: ① overgrazing, ② excessive reclamation, ③ indiscriminate mining and excavation, ④ indiscriminate hunting of wild animals, ⑤ less manual management, and ⑤ unreasonable utilization of water resources.

(2) Control measures: ① grazing prohibition and rotation system; ② Change the nomadic lifestyle of aquatic plants.

Shed feeding and semi-shed feeding (3) Strengthen pasture.

(4) establish forage base and build "grass industry"

⑤ Optimize the structure of herds, rationally graze ⑤ Returning farmland to grassland, and prohibit disorderly grazing, land reclamation and digging.

Wetlands