Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most frequent periods of regime change in China's history. Due to the long-term feudal regime and constant wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the introduction of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek culture. During the 360-odd years from Wei to Sui, during the alternation of more than 30 dynasties, due to the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated.
During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Cao Cao rose in the north, and his thoughts and political measures were based on the rule of law and morality, which influenced the whole era. In the ideological theory, the study of criminal names, which embodies the combination of Tao and law, once occupied a dominant position.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the combination of Taoism and law gradually disintegrated, and the metaphysical trend of thought with Taoism as the skeleton began to sublate the concept of name and law in the early Wei and Jin Dynasties, and instead criticized the scholars of Confucianism and law. In this way, Wei Chu's metaphysics formed and developed on the basis of the combination of Tao and Tao has been further strengthened.
In the late Western Jin Dynasty, metaphysical thoughts developed to extremes. At this point, the freedom advocated by metaphysics destroyed and disintegrated the feudal regime both in theory and in behavior, which caused dissatisfaction within metaphysics and Confucian scholars, thus setting off a critical trend of thought against Taoism and metaphysics.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the popularity of Buddhism, especially the development of Prajna paramita, largely depended on the thoughts, languages and methods of Taoism and metaphysics, so there was a trend of the confluence of metaphysics and Buddhism. Therefore, Confucian scholars in this period not only continued to criticize Taoism and metaphysics, but also criticized Buddhism with Confucianism's entry into the WTO and humanistic tradition. They stood in the position of maintaining the famous Confucian religion, cleared up the influence of Buddhism from the aspects of economy, politics, thought, culture and ethics, and tried to restore the orthodox position of Confucianism, but they all lacked sufficient theoretical system and creativity.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new situation appeared in the ideological and cultural field, which was different from that in the Jin Dynasty. Metaphysics is silent, and Buddhism and Taoism continue to develop. Buddhism has translated a large number of scriptures, which have been widely circulated and penetrated into all levels of politics, economy, society, folk customs and culture. Confucianism is facing severe challenges. Due to the rapid expansion of Buddhism, the relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and its historical pattern have undergone new changes. The focus of Confucian scholars' ideological and cultural criticism turned from metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi to Buddhism, and a large number of anti-Buddhist thinkers emerged.
Although the development of China culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties became more and more complicated, Confucianism did not stop, on the contrary, it made great progress. After the fierce impact of metaphysics and Buddhism and Taoism, Confucius' position and theory faded away from the mysterious elements and theological cloak added by the God-making movement in the Han Dynasty and began to show more vitality. As far as the academic trend of thought and metaphysical trend of thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are concerned, they all reflect the desire of some intellectuals to reform, develop and supplement Confucianism at that time to some extent. They are not satisfied with the solidification, dogmatism and theology of Confucianism, so they put forward philosophical concepts such as existence, practice and origin to demonstrate the rationality of Confucian famous religion. Although they advocate metaphysics, in fact, they constantly infiltrate the Confucian spirit in their metaphysical talk, advocating that Confucius is higher than Laozi and Zhuangzi, and that the famous teachings are natural. Although there was a dispute between Confucianism and Buddhism in this period, Confucianism was not always in an orthodox position because of the combination of Confucianism and political power. Buddhism and Taoism had to agree with the patriarchal ethics of Confucianism, and gradually formed a trend of integration of the three religions with Confucianism as the core.
The so-called "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" is a compound word of a dynasty name. Although there are only five words, it can contain dozens of dynasties or countries.
We might as well start with the word "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties". Wei refers to Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period, Jin mainly refers to the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty established by Sima Jia (at this time, the northern part was the era of "five lakes and sixteen countries"), and "Southern and Northern Dynasties" refers to several dynasties that confronted the north and south at that time, including Song Qi Liang Chen in the south and Northern Wei Chen in the north.
In addition to the word Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there is also the usage of "Six Dynasties" to refer to this period. The Six Dynasties refer to Sun Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. These dynasties are basically the same as Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The characteristic is that these six dynasties were established in Jiangdong area, and all countries are building health (or building powers, that is, Nanjing today).
The Three Kingdoms, including Wei, Shu and Wu, were founded by Cao Cao and his son, Liu Bei and Sun Quan respectively.
The era of Cao Wei began in 220 AD. Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and made Luoyang its capital, which was called Wei or Cao Wei in history. Covering the entire Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, Jiangbei in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and most areas in Gansu, Shaanxi and Liaoning. He died in 265 AD, after 46 years of five emperors.
Shu Han was a country founded by Liu Bei. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu or Shu in history. The ruling area includes all four States, Yunnan and Guizhou, and a part of Shaanxi. It was destroyed by Cao Wei in 263 AD, which lasted for 43 years.
Sun Wu is a country founded by Sun Quan. In 222 AD, Sun Quan was called the King of Wu, and in 229, he became emperor, with the title of Wu and its capital in Jianye. Historically, he was called Sun Wu or Wu Dong. The ruling areas are the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong and Guangxi. In 280 AD, it was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, which lasted for 59 years after four emperors.
The Jin Dynasty was divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 265 AD, Dai Wei proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Jin and Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin in history. In 280 AD, Wu was destroyed and the whole country was unified. The division since Qin and Han Dynasties has been reunified. The ruling territory extends to the sea in the east and south, to Qingji in the west, to Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, to the desert in the north and to Liaodong in the east.
However, shortly after the death of Emperor Wu of Jin, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out among the royal families, and the nomadic people who moved into the fortress since Cao Wei also took the opportunity to rise up and claim the title of emperor, and the whole country fell into a situation of division and melee.
Liu Yuan, a Hun, established the Han regime (later renamed Zhao, known in history). In 3 16 AD, Liu Yao, the son of Liu Yuan, captured Chang 'an, captured Di Chin, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. * * * It took four emperors fifty-two years, and the north entered the so-called "five lakes and sixteen countries" era.
Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty in the south, occupying today's Yangtze River, Pearl River and Huaihe River basins, with Jiankang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty changed his surname to Song and died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He lived eleven emperors. 104. The Jin Dynasty lasted 15 emperor, 156 years.
From the reign of Liu Yuan in 304 AD, all ethnic groups in the north established their own kingdoms one after another, until the Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by the Tuoba people of Xianbei in 439 AD, unified the north, with a calendar of 135 years. During this period, * * * six races established their own kingdoms, including Yun,
Xiongnu, Xianbei, Bian, Qiang and Jie; The ruling areas of these kingdoms are distributed in the north and Sichuan, including Cheng Han (Li), Xia (He Lian of Xiongnu), (Liu of Xiongnu), Hou Zhao (the history of Jie), Qian Qin (Fu Shi of clan), Hou Qin (Qiang) and Xi Qin (Qi Fu Shi of Xianbei). Wei of Ran Min of Han nationality, Xiyan of Murong of Xianbei nationality and Daiguo, the predecessor of Northern Wei dynasty, are not included, which is called the era of "five shells and sixteen countries" in history.
At this time, these countries are at war with each other. Just before Jian 'an, the north was once unified, but the time was not long.
The Southern Dynasties were divided into four generations: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The Song Dynasty was established after Emperor Wu of Song seized the Eastern Jin regime in 420 AD. The name of the country is Song, and the capital is Jiankang. Because the royal family surnamed Liu, it was called in history.
In its heyday, it ruled the south of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin, which was the largest in the Southern Dynasties. Later, Henan and Huaibei were gradually seized by the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 479 AD, it was usurped by Xiao Daocheng, who had experienced eight emperors for 60 years.
In 479 AD, Xiao Daocheng established Qi State, with Jiankang as its capital. In the Northern Dynasties, in order to distinguish it from the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called Nanqi in history, and it was also called Xiao.
Ruling areas include the provinces in the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin, and the eastern part was chaotic. It was usurped by Xiao Yan in 502 AD and lasted for 7 emperors and 24 years.
Liang, built in 502 AD, is called Liang, the capital of Jiankang, and the royal family is Xiao, so it is called Liang. At that time, Liang Wudi's national strength was quite strong, and its ruling area included all the places in the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin. Huaibei and Hanzhong were also once acquired. In 557, it was occupied by Chen Baxian and lasted for 56 years.
Chen, in 557 AD, was proclaimed emperor on behalf of Liang, with the title of Chen and Jiankang as its capital. The ruling area is the province in the Yangtze River and Pearl River valley today, and it is a minor province in the Southern Dynasties. It was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty in 589, which lasted for 33 years.
The Northern Dynasties are mainly Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by the Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality. Its predecessor was a surrogate country in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. After the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba GUI rebuilt Daiguo, and later renamed it Wei, which was called Northern Wei in history, or Tuoba GUI and Wei Yuan.
In 398, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was established as its capital, and in 399, it was renamed emperor, gradually annexing Xia, Beiyan and Beiliang among the sixteen countries.
In 439 AD, the north was unified, and the ruling area reached the Mongolian Plateau in the north, Dongjiang in the west and Liaoxi in the northeast. Nanda extends the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains as the boundary, and confronts Liu Song in the south.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was quite prosperous. Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong moved the capital to Luoyang in 493 AD and carried out a series of sinicization movements. However, due to various factors, the confrontation between the two camps of sinicization and anti-sinicization led to the "Six Towns Rebellion" and the disintegration of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
In 534 AD, the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty were divided and ruled by the Yellow River. After the Eastern Wei Dynasty, it was replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the Western Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. From Tuoba GUI's establishment of Wei Dynasty to the demise of the Western Wei Dynasty in 557 AD, * * * lasted 17 emperor, 17 1 year, which was the longest neutral country in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
During the Eastern Wei Dynasty, in 534 AD, Xiao Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was often frightened by the powerful general Gao Huan and fled to Guanzhong.
Gao Huan established Yuan as Emperor Xiaojing and moved his capital to Ye (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province), which is known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history.
The ruling area includes the area east of Luoyang, that is, the territory of the former Northern Wei Dynasty. It was replaced by Levin (Gao) in 550 A.D. and continued in the Eastern Wei Dynasty 17.
In the Western Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered the customs in 534 and was greeted by General Yu Wentai. In 535 AD, Yu Wentai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu and established Yuanbao as Wei Wendi, with its capital in Chang 'an, known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history. The ruling area includes the area west of Luoyang, the territory of the former Northern Wei Dynasty, Yizhou, Xiangyang and other places. In 557 AD, it was replaced by Yu Wenjue (son Wen Tai), and the Western Wei Dynasty lasted for 24 years.
In the Northern Qi Dynasty, in 550 AD, Gao, a general of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, seized the political power of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, and made his capital in Yezhou. In order to distinguish it from Xiao Qi in the Southern Dynasties, it was called Beiqi in history and Gaoqi because of the high surname of the royal family. The ruling area is equivalent to the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In 557 AD, it was destroyed by the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and * * * lasted for eight emperors for twenty-eight years.
In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, in 557 AD, Yu Wenjue, the general of the Western Wei Dynasty, seized the Western Wei regime and proclaimed himself emperor. People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding date is in Chang 'an, known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Because the royal family is Yuwen, it is also called Yuwen Zhou.
In 557 AD, the Northern Qi Dynasty perished, and the northern part of China was unified. Jiangbei and Huainan continued to be captured, and the ruling area extended to the north bank of the Yangtze River. 58 1 year was replaced by the sui dynasty, which lasted for 5 emperors and 25 years.
In the Sui Dynasty, in 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty usurped the throne, with the title Sui. In 583, the capital was established in Daxing (now Xi City, Shaanxi Province), and in 589, Nanchen was destroyed, ending the division of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and unifying the whole country.
The ruling territory extends to the sea in the east and south, to the east of Xinjiang in the west, to Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, to the desert in the north and to the Liaohe River in the east. In 6 18, Yang Di was killed in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and the Sui Dynasty perished, which lasted for 38 years.