26 French letters.

Before understanding the basic knowledge of French phonetics, let's learn about the writing of 26 letters in French. The same letter may have different pronunciations in different situations. Some letters look the same, but in fact they have different symbols, so they may have different pronunciations.

These 26 French letters are written in the same way as English. Of the 26 letters in French, A, O, U, E, I and Y are vowels, and the other 20 letters are consonants. In addition, some French letters may have special symbols, such as? ,? ,? ,ё。 These four letters are added with closed notes, open notes, long notes and partials on the letter E, of course, the signed letter E has different pronunciations.

Second, French pronunciation

? Phoneme? Is it abstract? Sound? ,? Phonetic symbol? Is it a symbol for recording phonemes, or is it specific? Shape? . French has 36 phonemes, which are 36 different sounds. These 36 factors are divided into vowels, consonants and semi-vowels (that is, phonemes with vowel pronunciation characteristics and consonant functions). For example, the letter I usually sounds like a vowel [i], but if the letter I is followed by another vowel, we often don't pronounce the letter I completely, but only half) in order to make a quick transition to the next vowel. These phonemes must be pronounced correctly. The key to accurate phonemes is accurate oral position, and there is little difference between some sounds, such as [e] and [? 】, at first glance, it sounds almost the same, but it is not. The difference between the two is actually that the mouth is slightly different. There are also several nasal vowels that are required to be emitted from the mouth and nose at the same time.

The following author clarifies several phonetic concepts for everyone:

1.？ Clear consonants? With what? Voiced consonants?

The pronunciation of consonants is relatively easy, and the key is to distinguish voiced consonants from voiced consonants. Many students have not received professional training at first, and even been misled, so that they can't tell the voiced sound from the unvoiced sound. It is very sad to correct it for a long time to come. The direct consequence of distinguishing voiced consonants from unvoiced consonants is that they are easy to misunderstand each other; In addition, it also reflects your French level from one side. We often say that as long as you speak, you will know how deep your road is. A vague person can't speak French any higher.

Like English, French consonants are divided into? Clear consonants? And then what? Voiced consonants? . Send? Clear consonants? The vocal cords do not vibrate, such as [k], [s], [f], [p] and [T]; Send? Voiced consonants? Vocal cord vibration, such as [g], [z], [v], [b], [d].

2. Division of syllables? Open syllables? With what? Closed syllables?

The main factor of French syllables is vowels. Generally speaking, several vowels have several syllables. For example: pot([po]) is a monosyllabic word; Salade([ salad]) is a disyllabic word. ? Open syllables? Refers to syllables ending in vowel factors; ? Closed syllables? Refers to a syllable ending in a consonant factor. It is worth mentioning that in French? Open syllables? And then what? Closed syllables? Often it is aimed at a specific syllable in a word, so it will be derived as? The first syllable of a word? The 1 th syllable of a word is the opening syllable. Suffixed syllables? (the last 1 syllable of a word is a closed syllable) and other concepts.

3.？ Breathe? With what? Not aspirated?

What are these two concepts aimed at? Clear consonants? Represented by [k], [p] and [t]. In the same syllable, if any one of the factors [K], [P] and [T] is located in front of the vowel, it should be read as non-aspirated (in short, there is basically no airflow flowing out of the mouth); But if they are located after vowels or at the end of syllables of the same syllable, they should be read as aspirated (air flows out of the mouth). For example: monosyllabic words? t？ te？ Its phonetic symbol is [t? T]. 1 [t] in the phonetic alphabet does not breathe, and the second [t] breathes.

4. unvoiced consonants? Corresponding voiced consonants

Students often ask: if [t] is pronounced as aspirated sound, is it completely equivalent to voiced consonant [d]? The answer is: inequality. Voiced consonants refer to consonants that vibrate when vocal cords are pronounced, such as [g][z][v][b][d]. And [t] will not be confused with [d] if it is aspirated, because it sounds very different; When [t] is not aspirated, it is still different from [d]. Because when [t] does not breathe, although there is no air flow from the mouth, the vocal cords still do not vibrate and will not emit voiced consonants. If you want to write a phonetic symbol, there is only one way to write [t], and whether it is aspirated or not, it will not be written as [d].

5. Assimilation of sound

Speech assimilation is an important phenomenon in speech. When people speak, they often unconsciously let a sound be influenced by neighboring sounds, making it the same as or similar to it, which is called sound assimilation. Like what? m？ Desien? If you refer to the pronunciation rules completely, you should read [med-sin], but influenced by [s], it is assimilated into [met-sin].

Three French intonations

Beginners must master the correct intonation. Correct pronunciation and intonation. Intonation and pronunciation are different, not very strict. Although there are rules, this is the basic requirement. Many times the intonation should be changed according to the speaker's mood, situation and atmosphere at that time, so the intonation pays more attention to practice, observation and imitation. The so-called accent is charm. It is the sublimation of language expression on the basis of accurate pronunciation and free intonation.

1. Rhythm group

For a long sentence, we can often divide it into meaning and grammatical structure? Rhythm group? . For example: Il va au caf? avec sa femme？ The word "midi" He goes to the cafe with his wife at noon. According to the meaning and grammar of sentences, we can divide them into three rhythm groups, namely? Coffee? avec sa femme？ And midi? . When reading aloud, there must be a pause between each rhythm group, and the last syllable of each rhythm group should be stressed. So, for French beginners, how to master it? Rhythm group? , will be of great benefit to reading aloud.

pressure

In French, if only one word is read aloud, the stress of each word should fall on the last syllable of the word. For example, travail [tra? vaj]； But if you read a sentence aloud, the stress falls on the last syllable of each rhythm group, that is, the last syllable of the last word in the rhythm group. What is it called? Rhythmic stress? The stress of other words will also be weakened.

3. The intonation of statements and questions

The intonation of declarative sentences in French will eventually decline. But if the sentence is long, the usual reading method is to improve the intonation first, and then lower the intonation. It is worth mentioning that if it is a negative statement, the highest point of the sentence tone should be on the negative words (such as: pas, plus, jamais).

Like English, French interrogative sentences are divided into? General questions? (interrogative sentences without interrogative words) What else? Special problems? A question with interrogative words. All general interrogative sentences in French are pronounced as rising tone. The intonation of special questions depends on the situation. It depends on the position of interrogative words in special interrogative sentences. Generally speaking, the highest tone of special interrogative sentences lies in special interrogative words. Like an expression? What's your name? ? You can use different words if you say:? At this time, what are the interrogative words? Comments? At the beginning of the sentence, the intonation of the whole sentence drops; But what if? Can you comment on the interrogative words at this time? Comments? The intonation of the whole sentence rises at the end of the sentence.

4. Joint chanting

In the same rhythm group, if the last word of the previous word is a silent consonant, and the phonetic symbol of the next word begins with a vowel phonetic symbol (reflected in the word form, that is, a word that begins with a vowel letter or a silent h), the originally silent consonant at the end of the previous word should be pronounced and read into syllables together with the vowel at the beginning of the next word. This phenomenon is called joint recitation. For example: Pascal est? Nice should be pronounced as: [Pas-kal-? -tanis]. Here, beginners should also pay attention to a concept: joint pitch. It is in couplets that some letters have to change their original pronunciation. For example, s and f should be pronounced as [z] and [v] respectively, that is, voiced consonants; However, some originally aspirated consonants, such as [k], [p] and [t], should be changed to not aspirated when they are recited together. Of course, these are general rules, but there are also some special cases. For example, when reading together, D sometimes reads [t] and G sometimes reads [k]. These are generally not demanding for beginners.

5. Legato

In the same rhythm group, if the phonetic symbol of the previous word ends with a pronounced consonant and the next word begins with a vowel (that is, with a vowel letter or a silent H), the consonant ending in the previous word must be read into a syllable together with the vowel beginning in the next word, which is called a hyphen. For example, Il a une vieil ami should be pronounced as: [i-la-yn-vj? -Camry].

Save sound

A few monosyllabic words ending in vowels are often combined with the vowels at the beginning of the next word (reflected in the word form, that is, the vowels at the beginning of the word or the silent H) to form a syllable, and the vowels at the end of the word are omitted to save notes? On the contrary For example: ce+est = c 'est; le+h？ Telephone =l'h? Telephone. Are you online? Save sound? In this concept, students often get confused and mistakenly think that any monosyllabic word ending in a vowel letter can omit the vowel at the beginning of the latter word, and even write the wrong form elle+est=ell'est. In fact, this concept has been very strict and clear: minority? Ending with a vowel? Single? Syllable words (such as le, la, se, me, te, se, etc. ) Far from all words ending in vowels.

Four conclusions

In a language system, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar are always closely combined. Grammar and vocabulary are embodied by pronunciation. Beginners must not neglect the study of pronunciation. On the basis of mastering the rules of pronunciation, they should listen more, imitate more and practice more to lay a solid foundation for pronunciation. Learning phonetics well and laying a good foundation is the right way to learn beautiful French.

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