(1) breeding method
In recent years, small clumping method has been used in the production of Ophiopogon japonicus in Zhejiang and Sichuan, which has the advantages of less plants, large contact area between stem base and soil, fast survival, early rooting, early branching, more tillers, early and more caked roots, long growth period of tuberous roots, high yield and good quality.
(2) Land selection and preparation
Choose loose, fertile, moist, well-drained neutral or slightly alkaline sandy loam, which is not suitable for planting in waterlogged, low-lying and waterlogged areas. Most of Ophiopogon japonicus in Zhejiang Province are planted in slightly alkaline alluvial soil along Qiantang River. And pay attention to the previous crops. Generally, the previous crops are yellow-headed pigs, kohlrabi, broad beans, wheat and other crops. Ophiopogon japonicus has well-developed fibrous roots, so the planting land should be deeply plowed and raked to make the surface soil loose and fine, and the border surface flat, which is conducive to the root system stretching and absorbing more nutrients. The boundary width is1.5 ~ 2m, and the width of the side ditch is about 30cm. The ditches are straight and the running water is smooth.
(3) Planting
1, after the treatment of Ophiopogon japonicus seedlings, remove the mud, cut off the tuberous roots and fibrous roots, cut off the top and old rhizomes, pat loose the stem base, divide it into individual plants, cut off the remaining old stem nodes, and take the white radial flower heart (commonly known as chrysanthemum heart) on the cross section of the stem base as the leaf divergence. If you can't plant seeds in time, you need to "raise seedlings". The method of raising seedlings is to tie the sorted seedlings into small bundles with a diameter of 20 cm (45-50 cm in Sichuan), soak them in water to absorb enough water, then stand in a cool and humid place, let the stem base touch the ground and wet the surrounding soil, and sprinkle water 1 time every day or every other day to avoid heating or drying. Seedling time is limited to 7 days, too long will affect rooting.
2. Planting method The seedlings planted in small clumps have weak early resistance, so when planting, first soak the seedlings of Ophiopogon japonicus in water to make them fully absorb water, then arrange the seedlings in two rows horizontally, with the bases aligned, then cut the soil with a knife or shovel, and plant them vertically for 3-5 cm, so that the leaves will not spread. Then step on the soil on both sides of the seedling to make it stand firm in the soil, make the ground flat and the seedling straight, and apply 6544. Don't plant the seedlings too deep, so as not to become "tall seedlings" and have fewer caked roots. But you can't plant it too shallow. The base of the seedling is exposed to the soil, and it is easy for the seedling to fall down and die in the sun.
3. The planting density of Ophiopogon japonicus varies with different harvest years. The planting density of Ophiopogon japonicus harvested in Zhejiang in two years is 16cm, the row spacing is 26 cm, and each hole is 8- 10 plants; 3-year-old Ophiopogon japonicus was harvested, with the plant spacing of 20-25 cm and the row spacing of 26-32 cm. Ophiopogon japonicus collected in Sichuan production area 1 year, with the spacing of 6-8 cm and the row spacing of 10- 13 cm, and 4-6 plants are planted in each hole. 700 kilograms of seedlings are needed per mu. However, the quality of Ophiopogon japonicus harvested in 1 year is worse than that harvested in 2 years.
4. The planting time is generally from mid-late April to early May.
5. Intercropping Ophiopogon japonicus has the growth habit of tolerance to shade and fear of high temperature. The intercropping method is adopted by drug farmers in the producing areas to reduce the direct sunlight of Ophiopogon japonicus, which is beneficial to growth and increase the income of drug farmers in that year. Sichuan interplanted cotton in summer and autumn rainy season, planted kohlrabi or onion in winter, and planted watermelon in the third year. But too much interplanting will affect the growth and yield of Ophiopogon japonicus. Therefore, proper interplanting of crops or vegetables can increase income.
(4) Site management
1 intertillage weeding Ophiopogon japonicus plants are short, weeds are easy to breed, consume fertility and affect growth. Therefore, weeding 3-4 times a year, combined with soil cultivation, can prevent soil hardening. The weather is hot from May to July, and weeds grow vigorously, so we should pay close attention to weeding and choose sunny days to weed. After winter, weeds grow slowly, so you can weed less or not. Don't weed after rain or frost, so as not to stabilize the land and affect the growth and root swelling of Ophiopogon japonicus.
2. Fertilized Ophiopogon japonicus has a long growth period and the largest fertilizer requirement. In addition to applying base fertilizer, topdressing should be done in time. It is best to use mixed fertilizer as topdressing. When only nitrogen fertilizer was applied, the plants grew vigorously and the roots were few. When only phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied, the leaves were yellow and short, the tip was grayish brown and the base was yellowish brown, and it was a symptom of nitrogen deficiency when it died. Fertilization should master the following links.
(1) Apply sufficient base fertilizer. When preparing soil, apply sufficient base fertilizer, then turn over the ground and turn the base fertilizer into the soil. Generally, compost 1500~2000 kg, manure 1000- 1500 kg and phosphate rock powder 100 kg are applied.
(2) Early application of rooting fertilizer began to turn green about half a month after planting, and began to take root at 1 month. At this time, fertilization should be timely to promote early rooting, more rooting, rapid growth and early separation. 750 kg of human excrement and 0/5 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc-are used per mu. In July, human excrement and urine were applied, and the yield per mu was 1250 kg and calcium superphosphate 15 kg. (3) Re-application of spring and autumn fertilizer in the rainy season of spring and autumn is not only the stage of root swelling, but also the stage of a large number of capsules. At this time, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be re-applied together with nitrogen fertilizer. In March, human manure 1500 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 kg and cake fertilizer 50~ 100 kg can be applied per mu; Loosen the soil first and then fertilize it in September, so that the fertilizer will not be lost. 1.500 kg of human excrement and urine, 25 kg of potassium chloride, 2000-2500 kg of human excrement and urine, and 0/.500-200 kg of plant ash/kloc-0 were applied per mu in October, which enhanced the cold resistance of Ophiopogon japonicus and was beneficial to keep warm and prevent freezing and plant growth.
3. Irrigation and seedling protection Ophiopogon japonicus likes moist soil, and there is more dew during the growing period, especially after planting. In conditional areas, sprinkler irrigation can be used to keep the soil moist and promote its early rooting. When dead or missing seedlings are found, they should be replenished in time to preserve the seedlings. After July, the climate is getting hotter and hotter, and the evaporation of soil moisture is large. We should pay close attention to irrigation to promote the growth of roots.
(5) Pest control
1, black spot occurred in mid-April. At the early stage of the disease, the tip of the leaf turned yellow, and gradually spread to the bottom of the leaf, and water spots of different colors such as green, white and yellow appeared, and all of them turned yellow and died. Pathogens overwinter on diseased plants. The rainy season is severe. Under suitable humidity conditions, especially in rainy season, it is fast and harmful, resulting in a large number of deaths of Ophiopogon japonicus. Control method: Select strong seedlings and soak them in 1: 1: 100 times Bordeaux solution or 65% zineb 500 times solution for 5 minutes before planting. During the onset period, the diseased leaves of seriously ill plants can be cut off, and 10- 14 days are sprayed with 1: 100 times bordeaux mixture for 3-4 times.
2. Root-knot nematodiasis harms the roots, causing fistula cancer, shortening the fibrous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus, and making the root surface rough, cracked and reddish brown. After the thin tumor was cut, there were a large number of milky white shiny balls, which were female adults. Control method: Do not rotate with tobacco, milk vetch, beans, potato, melon, Atractylodes macrocephala, Salvia miltiorrhiza, belladonna and other crops. It is best to rotate with Gramineae crops or aquatic crops, select disease-free seedlings and cut off old roots.
3. African adults and nymphs bite seedlings and cut roots, and tunnel in soil (soil hole), resulting in lack of seedlings, and the damage is often hemp-like. 1 generation occurs in 1 year, overwinters as adults or nymphs, and adults begin to harm Ophiopogon japonicus in March-April of the following year. Control method: mix Miaoxiang wheat bran and 90% crystal trichlorfon 30 times solution to form poison bait to trap and kill; The bait is directly mixed with 50% phoxim EC according to the ratio of 1: 1.
(6), harvesting and processing
(1) Harvest
The harvest time of Ophiopogon japonicus varies from place to place. Sichuan harvested in late April of the second year after logging, and Zhejiang harvested in the third or fourth year. When harvesting, choose sunny days, pick up Ophiopogon japonicus in turn with an iron rake, remove mud, cut off tuberous roots and fibrous roots, put them in baskets, put them in water to wash the soil and prepare for processing.
(2) Processing
The processing of Ophiopogon japonicus varies from place to place. For example, Sichuan. Expose the cleaned roots to a dry mat or threshing floor, dry the water, rub them with both hands (don't break the skin), then dry them in the sun, rub them again after drying, and repeat them for 5-6 times until all the fibrous roots are removed. After drying, they are marketable goods. In Zhejiang, the cleaned tuberous roots were put in the sun for 3-5 days, and the fibrous roots gradually became soft and hard, and gradually dried. Put it in the laundry basket for 2-3 days, then turn it over for 3-5 days, and turn it over frequently to dry it evenly. Repeat this for 3-4 times, and the dryness of the root tuber reaches 70%, so that the fibrous root can be cut off and then dried. Packed and stored in wooden cases or gunny bags, and placed in a dry place to prevent the roots from being damp, moth-eaten and moldy.
Technician (national secondary vocational qualification certificate) or above.
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