Article 1 Teaching objectives and requirements
1. Learn how to demonstrate the central point of this article with facts.
2. Understand the relationship between argument and narrative in argumentative writing.
3. Understand the phenomenon of omission and flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese sentences.
4. Understand the progressiveness and limitations of Jia Yi's political opinions.
Layout preview
Read the text carefully.
teaching process
first kind
I. Author and background
Jia Yi: (200 BC ~ 65438 BC+068 BC), born in Luoyang, Western Han Dynasty, was a writer. He was brilliant when he was young, and was promoted to be a loyal doctor by Emperor Xiaowen. His participation in political affairs is highly valued. Later, he was pushed out by the jealousy of the powerful and powerful, was demoted to the teacher of King Changsha, and later became the teacher of Liang. Eventually he died of depression at the age of 33, and Sima Qian wrote The Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng.
Background:
1, Late Warring States Period and Social History;
During the Warring States period, with the disintegration of the patriarchal clan system, countries carried out reforms one after another. Wei, political reform; Chu and Wuqi Reform: Han and Shen Buhai Reform; Qin and Shang Yang reformed.
Guo Qin grew stronger and stronger, and died in the first 22 1 year, unifying the world. Using harsh laws, levying exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, and building large-scale projects have made the people miserable and complaining.
2. Social conditions in the early Western Han Dynasty:
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, after more than 500 years of Chu-Han War in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the social economy was greatly destroyed. Jia Yi's On Qin advocates "benevolent government" in view of this social reality, giving people a chance to recuperate, thus achieving great economic development and social stability.
Second, solve the problem.
Guo Qin is a political essay accusing Qin of his faults.
Thirdly, analyze the first and second paragraphs of the text.
The first paragraph: write about the ambition and basic national policy of unifying the world and the beginning of Qin's prosperity.
Internally: Shang Yang reformed, developed production and expanded armaments.
Externally: Implement the "Lian Heng" and divide and rule.
The second paragraph: Write the achievements of Qin Huiwen, Wu Wang and Wang Zhaoxiang.
The first layer: Write the achievements of three generations of Qin Jun.
The second layer: write that all countries join hands to deal with Qin.
The third layer: Nine countries defeated and surrendered to the State of Qin. Use contrast to reflect the strength of Qin State.
Fourth floor: I took King Xiaowen and King Zhuang Xiang in one fell swoop and went down below.
Summarize.
Fourth, homework
Recite paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of the text.
Second lesson
First, check the recitation.
Second, analyze the text.
1, please see the third paragraph:
The third paragraph: Write about Qin Shihuang's achievements, that is, various measures to unify and consolidate the world.
The first layer: Write the "attack" of Qin Shihuang.
Describe in detail the supreme imperial power after Qin Shihuang unified the world. The "magic shadow" of * appeared in the previous description, which laid the groundwork for the later "benevolence and righteousness are not applied"
The second layer: Write Qin Shihuang's "defense".
Implement the policy of ignorance of the people and take strict preventive measures. Use parallelism and exaggeration to express the momentum of Qin's heyday in order to counter the rapid demise of Qin in the next period.
The fourth paragraph: Write about the Chen Sheng Uprising and the results of the Qin Dynasty.
Chen She's humble origins, hasty uprising, weak foot soldiers and dull weapons are described in detail.
The change of the word "ran" highlights the "small" but cannot be ignored. It is precisely because people hate Qin, so because of the lack of benevolence and righteousness, the whole world is the enemy of Qin, which finally makes the defensive of Qin Dynasty panic and paves the way for the clarity of the theme.
The fifth paragraph: analyze the reasons of Qin's demise and draw a conclusion.
The first layer: It is pointed out that Qin's world has not shrunk (echoing the beginning).
The second layer: comparing the strength of Chen She and the nine countries, echoing the third and fourth paragraphs, asking questions and drawing conclusions just shows the author's political views, that is, advocating benevolent government and opposing *.
The third layer: Comparing the strength of Chen She and Qin, we can draw the conclusion that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied ...".
Third, induction.
1, the application of comparison:
(1) The strength comparison between Qin and nine countries;
(2) The strength comparison between Qin State and Qin Dynasty;
(3) Comparison of strength between Chen She and nine countries;
(4) Comparison of the strength between Chen She and Qin Dynasty.
2. This article is a historical theory, with more narration than discussion.
3. Vivid language:
(1) Gorgeous rhetoric;
(2) the imposing manner of arrangement;
(3) the use of parallelism.
Fourth, homework:
Complete the "Course Exercise" of this lesson.
The teaching purpose of Article 2
1. Understand the progressive significance and limitations of "benevolence and righteousness" advocated by the author under the historical conditions at that time. (difficulty)
2. First understand how to demonstrate, and then draw a conclusion, using dual and parallel writing.
3, master some commonly used polysemous words, dredge the meaning. (key)
Teaching time
Three classes.
Teaching step
first kind
[teaching points]
1. Understand the author's life and the purpose of writing this article;
2. Understand the growing prosperity of Qin; Translate the first and second paragraphs.
teaching process
First, the author introduces and solves the problem (blackboard title and author)
Jia Yi (168 Top 200), a native of Luoyang in the Western Han Dynasty, became famous at a young age. After being recommended, he was called a doctor by Emperor Wendi, and a year later he was promoted to a doctor in Taizhong. He is knowledgeable and ambitious. He once put forward a set of ideas for reforming politics and law in view of the disadvantages of the times, but he was attacked and framed by conservative nobles and ministers. Touched by Mr. Wang from Changsha, I was deeply saddened and resentful. Four years later, he was transferred to be Liang's teacher. Liang fell off his horse and died. Jia Yi didn't do her duty as a doctor because of her self-injury. He often cried and even died of depression. He is only 33 years old.
Later generations compiled his articles into Jia Changsha Collection, and there were ten volumes of New Books.
Jia Yi was an outstanding political commentator in Han Dynasty. Politically, he stressed the need to weaken the local separatist forces, consolidate the central government, fight against the invasion of Xiongnu with all his strength, and advocate attaching importance to agriculture and enriching the people.
Second, students read the first and second paragraphs and pronounce them correctly.
Third, translate and analyze the first and second paragraphs to understand the meaning.
1, with strong beginning:
Conditions:
Geographical location-according to and support.
Harmony between people-stick to it.
Policy:
Internal affairs-affairs and repairs.
Diplomacy-foreign affairs and fighting.
2. Tianqiang:
Meng's legacy is due to his legacy.
Wushu-all-round attack and cutting.
Six countries-vertical and horizontal, nine countries do not enter.
As a result, he was defeated and ceded land to Qin.
The second and third class hours
[teaching points]
Translate and analyze three to five paragraphs; Summarize the text; Finish the exercise; Recite three to five paragraphs.
teaching process
First, review the old lessons.
1. What is the writing purpose of On Qin?
2. What is omitted after the word "control" in the sentence "Qin has spare capacity to control its disadvantages"? (belt)
3. Athena Chu:
That's a good idea.
Second, analyze the third, fourth and fifth paragraphs (methods: reading, speaking and reciting)
1, starting to be strong.
2, the sky is strong.
3. Extremely prosperous:
Diplomacy-respect and defense, the more you bow, and the northern Xiongnu.
Internal affairs-whip, kill heroes in the city, burn books in waste.
4. Death:
Chen She:
Manpower-all harm but no benefit.
Born-a poor farmer.
Talent-not as good as people.
Material resources-chopping wood into soldiers.
The result-the world responds, Qin rises and Qin falls.
5. Cause of death:
Qin:
National strength-not weak.
Yu Wei-Shocked by unusual customs.
Location-owned.
Yesterday-eight states in order.
Today-seven temples.
Chen She (compared with six countries):
Status-disrespectful (not in the same year)
Weapons-non-americium.
Strength-no resistance.
Tactics.-not with.
Conclusion:
Benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.
Third, summarize polysemous words.
1, system:
Soldiers who control it: control, command
Control its shortcomings: *
Liuhe: control)
Increase its old system: scale
Rites and music system: formulation
Weekly system ...: system
2. Gold:
Golden Man 12: Bronze
Li: Real
Stop when you hear the golden gong.
3. Potential:
Power, power
Offensive and defensive situation: situation
Powerful military strength: momentum, strength
Fourth, analysis
How did Qin Shihuang unify the world in paragraphs 1 and 3? What kind of policies have been implemented after unifying the world?
Diplomatically, the director is in charge of strategy and the palace. After the reunification of China by force, the national strength was unprecedented. At the beginning, I wrote the situation of "sublime everywhere" in five sentences. Then, taking "Baiyue Bows Down" and "Northern Xiongnu" as an example, it is written that after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he expanded his territory and consolidated the frontier and became extremely powerful.
On the second level, the world is slapped and whipped. "Waste roads to burn books" and "killing talents in the city" quickly put its rule in a hostile position with the people. What's more, he wants to rely on the dangerous terrain ("Building Huawei City, because the river is a pool, according to the height of hundreds of millions of battles, the abyss is solid"), relying on "good generals" and "loyal ministers", thinking that this has laid a "legacy for future generations".
2. What is written in the first three paragraphs of the text? Why do you want to write like this?
The first three paragraphs are the first part of this article, which narrates that the State of Qin began to be strong and gradually developed into a big country after the unification of China. The author wrote this to set off the rapid demise of Qin.
4. How did the powerful State of Qin perish?
The first sentence of this paragraph pays more attention to the strength of Qin state, and has done enough articles; Then, use the word "however" to reverse the writing and reverse the whole article. Write Chen She's birth first, then talent, then manpower, and then material resources. Then, write about the great response caused by the Chen She Uprising, "The world responds, and Qin rises and falls." This paragraph is the second part of this article, which describes the historical fact that Qin quickly perished before the uprising.
5. What was the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty?
On the basis of the above historical facts, this paragraph summarizes the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. (See blackboard writing) Compare Qin with, take care of 1 ~ 3 and 4 paragraphs, and finally draw a conclusion with "".
6. Dialectical analysis: How to treat Qin's death? Is the author's point of view correct?
As can be seen from the conclusion, the author advocates "benevolence and righteousness" to rule. This kind of thought belongs to the category of Confucian political thought and is the development of Mencius' thought of "benevolent government". From the point of view of historical materialism, there are many economic and political reasons for the gradual strength and rapid demise of Qin State, which cannot be attributed to "benevolence and righteousness". However, it should be noted that the policy of ignorance pursued by the rulers of the Qin Dynasty intensified contradictions, which was indeed one of the important reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. At the same time, the author's thought of "doing benevolence and righteousness" was put forward for politics in the early Han Dynasty, which was beneficial to the people objectively, so it had certain progressive significance.
7. Summary theme:
This paper discusses the mistakes made in the process of the Qin Dynasty from prosperity to decline, analyzes and summarizes the reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty, and expounds the author's proposition that governing the country should be benevolent. The author's purpose is to hope that Emperor Wendi can learn from the Qin Dynasty, practice benevolence and righteousness, and not repeat the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty.
8. Analysis of writing characteristics:
(1) cite a large number of facts to demonstrate: (demonstrate with examples)
1 ~ 3 paragraphs are all about Qiang Qin, and the author lists a lot of historical facts. First strong, then strong, and finally wrote that Qin finally unified the world and established a consolidated rule. The style of writing is magnificent, like a river flowing thousands of miles. The fourth paragraph uses the word "however" to describe the rapid demise of Qin. Compare and analyze the above facts in five paragraphs, and finally draw the conclusion with the question of "he ye".
This method of enumerating a large number of facts to demonstrate and finally draw a conclusion has achieved natural success and has strong logical power.
(2) Comparative demonstration:
1 ~ 3 and 4; 5-segment internal ratio; 2-segment internal ratio.
(3) Duality and parallelism are widely used.
9. Why does this article start from Qin Xiaogong? Can you omit a paragraph or two?
(Cultivate radiation thinking ability and diffusion thinking ability. )
Fifth, finish the exercises after class.