2. Argumentation methods: argumentation, example argumentation, contrast argumentation, quotation argumentation and metaphor argumentation.
3. Argument: Argument and rebuttal. (Arguments can be divided into two categories according to this standard: arguments and refutations. )
4. Frequently asked questions and answering skills.
1. The role of analysis and demonstration methods: two main points. Details are as follows:
1. Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.
Format: adopt the method of demonstration with examples. Example proof-(If there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves. Otherwise, write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.
Format: Use the argument method of reason argument to demonstrate the viewpoint, so as to make the argument more general and deep.
3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove it. Make the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Compare-with-by means of metaphorical argument. It proves the viewpoint of-and makes the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.
4. Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
Format: The method of comparative demonstration is adopted. The comparison between-and-highlights the viewpoint of-.
⑤. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials. There are many situations such as quoting famous sayings and aphorisms, authoritative data, celebrity anecdotes, jokes and anecdotes. Its function should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, epigrams and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument, while quoting anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities can enhance the interest of the argument.
Format: Using the method of citing arguments. Make the argument more convincing (or more interesting, attract readers to read) by quoting-proving-viewpoint.
2. Analysis of types and functions of argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argumentation and factual argumentation. There are two main answers: (1). Make clear the type of argument. (2) Detailed analysis function. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument, or the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:
This is an argument. It plays the role of proving-(argument). If there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves. Otherwise, write a central argument. )
Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1). See clearly the type of argument that needs to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether it is a famous saying or an example. (2) Pay attention to the word limit when supplementing celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity cases and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "social life". There are fewer famous sayings.
3. The article puts forward the way of central argument:
1. The title of the article points out the central argument.
2. The article puts forward the central argument at the beginning.
The article ends with a central argument,
Put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence in the middle of the article.
5. The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but always revolves around-.
4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article
First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
To analyze the argumentation ideas of argumentative essays is actually to add some words like [first]. [then]. [then]. [Finally] Express the relationship between inheritance and opening and closing. When doing this topic, we should pay special attention to the expression at the beginning and the end.
The content at the beginning is:
(1). Put forward the central argument, (2). Lead to the topic, the above two aspects. It is necessary to specifically answer the specific test that raises the central argument or leads to the topic. Some through celebrity quotations, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.
Ending content:
(1). Deepen the central argument. Put forward the conclusion that ...
(2) Repetition or reinforcement-the central argument,
(3) Call or advise people-
(4) Supplementary arguments. (Sometimes we will examine the role of this aspect. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )
Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article, such as
5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:
The angle of analyzing the linguistic features of argumentative writing is relatively fixed. There are only two angles: (1) linguistic features and (2) stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: conciseness, vividness, humor, wit, rich literary talent and so on. ). The stylistic features are nothing more than making a fuss about four words: strict alphabetic logic. One thing that needs special attention is that
6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetoric, argumentative writing and writing skills.
(1). Rhetoric: such as metaphor. You can combine the characteristics of metaphor. That is vivid images, such as parallelism, to enhance the momentum of article argumentation, such as quoting ancient poems, to make articles rich in literary talent.
(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.
(3) The writing technique is relatively fixed. Common ones are: (1). The combination of case argument and reason argument (narrative discussion). (2) The method of demonstration is the main method. Similarly, to do this kind of topic, we should also have specific sentence support. That is to say, take the specific cases in the article as examples of analysis.
7. Paragraph structure function:
(1). Lead out the following (complete), (2). Summarize the contents of the previous (full text), (3) connecting the preceding with the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.
For example, the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic). Then, we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats to use or adapt:
(1). At first, put forward the central argument by writing an example.
(2) at the beginning, quote famous sayings to put forward the central argument-(or the topic that leads to it-).
(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories (or anecdotes) of celebrities, the central argument-(or derivation-) also plays a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.
The function of the ending paragraph. Please refer to 4: "Content at the end".
Knowledge and skills of expository reading
I. Classification
1. From the description object: descriptive words of things and descriptive words of things.
2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing.
Two. instruction sequence
Time sequence. Spatial order. Logical order.
Specific analysis of logical order: primary and secondary. Causality. Phenomenon-essence. Features-use. General-individual. General-specific. Whole-part.
Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role?
Answer format: explain the order of explanation used in this paper to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific explanation order. The second blank should be filled with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational explanation, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "scientific rationality". )
Three. means of interpretation
1. Common interpretation methods include: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, numbers, charts and quotations.
2. The role of common interpretation methods:
Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, so as to make the explanation more specific and convincing.
2. Classification: Explain the characteristics/events of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.
Compare: To compare with. Highlight the characteristics/reasons of things.
4. Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.
5. analogy: comparison. This vividly illustrates the characteristics/reasons of things.
⑥ Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/events of things makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.
⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑧.No.: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.
⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts, making the explanation more concise and intuitive.
Attending doctor. Citation description: Citation description has the following forms-
A. Give specific examples, (same example)
B. Cite specific data (numbers in the same column)
C quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs is to make the explanation more convincing.
D. quote myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.
(The quotation is at the beginning of the article. It also plays the role of drawing out the description object. )
Four. Linguistic analysis of expository writing
1. The analysis of the whole article is generally discussed from two angles: A. Accurate, B. Vivid or concise.
One is the same characteristics of * * * general expository texts. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To evaluate the language characteristics of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article. For example, you can choose a sentence as an example.
The format is as follows: This paper fully embodies the characteristics of accurate/vivid/concise language. For example, the sentence [-] explains the characteristics/reasons of things accurately/vividly/concisely [-].
2. Comments on specific articles/sentences/words
The function of the article/sentence is basically the same as above.
The function of words has the following exam forms:
A. what's the use of adding words? B.can you use another word instead? C. Can the added words be deleted?
This kind of question often needs to be answered in combination with the characteristics of the accuracy of the interpretation language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language). The second kind of questions need to compare the differences in answers. The third kind of problems need to add expressions such as "deletion does not conform to people's understanding of objective things or does not conform to objective facts".
An analysis of explanatory writing of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
1. Talking about the explanation method
Mode: This paper mainly uses the interpretation method of-to explain-(content: the characteristics or reasons of things)-(function: refer to the previous interpretation method to clarify its function)
2. Speak in rhetoric
This is a vivid exposition. Various rhetorical devices are widely used to explain-(content), which makes the interpretation of the article vivid.
3. Let's talk about it with expressions.
Narration. Description makes the explanation more concrete and vivid, and expressing opinions makes the explanation more emotional. Then, analyze the writing of expository articles from this angle. The format is as follows: This article uses a variety of expressions. In addition to the explanation, there is-(from the narrative. Description. Explain. Discuss "choose according to the content", such as-(specific example). That is-(emoticon)
The role of explanatory paragraphs of intransitive verbs
There are three angles to answer this question:
(1). Structure. Content function: leads to the following contents. Connect the front with the bottom. Summarize the full text/previous article. Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object/reason.
(2) Speak in an explanatory way.
To explain-(a feature or thing) by the interpretation of. Let it explain-(function).
Narrative reading knowledge and skills
1. Article genre? This article is poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay and argumentative essay.
2. Six elements of narrative? The time, place, person, reason, process and result of the incident.
3. Find a topic sentence? Find the first or last paragraph of the argument lyrics sentence.
4. Content of the article (center)?
Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction.
Format: This article describes (describes. Explain).
5. What are the characteristics of material organization?
Select typical events closely surrounding the center. Tailored and appropriate details.
6. Hierarchical?
(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)
(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)
(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)
(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)
7. What are the narrative clues and functions?
Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
8. Draw up a title for this article.
Find the clue or center of the article (1) the core people (2) the core things (3) the core events (6) the author's emotion.
9. Fill in the reading card.
Look for the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).
10. Narrative sequence and function?
(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)
Function: Narration has a beginning and an end. Very clear, clear and impressive.
(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )
Function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid the monotony of narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
(3) Interpolation (Interrupting clues when narrating. Insert another related thing. )
Function: supplement the plot, set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
1 1. Language features?
Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods:
Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm.
Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.
12. Writing skills and functions?
(1) anthropomorphic technology
Function: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, make things personalized, and thus achieve vivid images.
(2) Metaphorical skills
Function: describe things vividly, concisely and concisely, and explain the truth.
(3) exaggeration
Function: highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Symbolic techniques
Function: Give specific meaning to the things described, express-feelings and enhance the expressive force of the article.
(5) Contrast technology
Function: through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.
(6) Pay-off (side pay-off) technology
Function: Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.
(7) Irony
Function: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) Want to promote first and then inhibit
Function: first belittle and then praise the described object. Context contrast, highlighting the writing object, has unexpected touching effect.
(9) Care before and after (echoing from beginning to end)
Function: make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
(10) Set suspense
Function: arouse readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' interest in reading, and make the plot of the article tortuous.
13. Rhetoric methods and functions
(1) Metaphor: a vivid and concise description of things and an explanation of truth.
(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images.
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric.
(5) Duality: the form is neat and the phonology is harmonious. They set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, with strong lyricism and appeal.
(7) Set questions: ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.
14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?
Methods: According to the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text (extended meaning, figurative meaning, pun meaning) and find out the specific content it refers to (clarify the unclear, restore the metaphor and symbol).
Format: The word [××] originally means-. What it means here is. It plays a role.
15. What does this sentence mean?
Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and explain them in context. (The method is the same as above)
16. What is the function of sentences in the structure?
(1) Continue the above (2) and start the following. Guide the lower surface (3) to connect the front surface and the lower surface (transition). (4) Pave the way for the following. (5) Take care of the front (beginning).
17. Expression?
Narration, discussion, explanation, lyricism and description
18. What is the role of argument in narrative?
Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point.
19. What is the role of lyricism in narrative?
Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal.
20. What is the type and function of description?
(1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Attitude Description (4) Action Description
(5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychological Description (8) Scenery Description
(9) Description of scene (10) Description of environment (1 1) Description of details.
The function of scenery description: (1) Explain the background (2) Promote the plot development (3) Render the atmosphere (4) Highlight the character's personality (5) Contrast the character's mood.
25. What are the types and functions of the environment?
(1) natural environment
Explain the time and place of the story and the space for the characters to move. Set off the mood of the characters.
(2) Social environment
Explain the social background and characteristics of the times, contrast the characters' personalities and promote the development of the plot.