Bullying is one of the various forms of school violence, and in a sense, it is also a high degree of harm. Unlike temporary violence or even deprivation of life, bullying is usually accompanied by physical and mental harm, which usually lasts for a long time and sometimes may cause lifelong trauma to the victim's mind.
America: the comprehensive containment of state legislation
On April 2 1 this year, after years of hard work, the governor of Montana signed the anti-bullying law and took the last bus against school bullying. Since then, 50 states in the United States have completely opposed school bullying from the legal system, and all states in the United States have achieved laws to follow, which also reflects the attitude of the American authorities and people to resolutely resist school bullying's behavior.
1 In April, 1999, two students from Columbus High School in Colorado strafed the campus with rifles, killing 12 students and1teacher, injuring 23 students, and then they shot themselves and ended their lives. This has become one of the most serious incidents of school violence in American history. According to the investigation, both gunmen were victims of school bullying. School bullying is not uncommon in the United States, and people usually accept it silently for a long time. However, the occurrence of this incident, like a fuse, has aroused the concern, attention and reflection of the people in the United States and even the world on school bullying. People are beginning to realize that if school bullying is left unchecked, it may cause unpredictable and serious consequences.
Unlike other forms of school violence, bullying usually does not cause serious one-time physical injury, but it often brings lasting invisible trauma to the victims. If there is no professional psychological guidance, the victim may become a person who retaliates against the society, and then from the victim to the perpetrator, passing on his experience to others intact or magnified 100 times. According to the statistics of relevant American institutions, in 37 school shootings in the past 25 years, two-thirds of the attackers were victims of school violence or bullying.
Since 1999, all kinds of violent incidents have penetrated the American campus like viruses, which has aroused great concern and anxiety in American society, law and education.
In the recent kidnapping and abuse case of China students in California, Zhai Yunyao, the principal offender, may face life imprisonment, which can't stop Chinese people from being surprised that American laws punish bullying so severely? Racial discrimination and personal injury are extremely sensitive words in American society. The American spirit advocates independence and freedom of life. No one can invade or be invaded by others, and the humiliation and torture of life is absolutely intolerable.
America's "zero tolerance" for school bullying can be reflected in many ways.
As an important part of No Child Left Behind Act, campus safety has become the focus of the US Department of Education. American authorities began to provide training for teachers, supervisors and other employees of public schools to enhance their ability to detect and stop school bullying, and campus psychological counselors in primary and secondary schools also assumed more responsibilities related to school bullying.
New Jersey is considered to have the strictest anti-school bullying policy. According to the regulations, every school administrator or teacher has the responsibility and obligation to deal with campus violence reported or witnessed by students, and teachers are required to inform school administrators of bullying incidents; Every school must come up with an effective plan to deal with school bullying, and every school bullying incident must be reported to the relevant departments of the state government. The state government will rate each school according to bullying standards, policies and incidents. The perpetrators in school bullying may face informed criticism and severe punishment.
In California, the state education law clearly points out that the construction of campus safety is the responsibility of the whole education, and the school's ideas, policies, practices and administration are very important. In terms of school-running concepts and policies, according to the national education law, every school must issue a campus safety plan, which should be revised in time every year. In practice and management, students, teachers, administrators, families, scientific research institutions and the media all play an important role in anti-bullying, with "understanding school bullying" as the core. As far as students are concerned, especially the bystanders in school bullying, their views and actions on school bullying are important factors in forming or solving problems. Role exchange, group discussion in class activities and questionnaire survey of students and faculty in campus activities will help school administrators, teachers and students understand the current situation of bullying in classes and schools, and then help to formulate clear, accurate and targeted solutions.
The scientific guidance of researchers is also an important boost to the construction of campus environment. 20 15 In July, the Center for Education Statistics of the United States and the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the United States jointly released the Index of Campus Crime and Safety (20 14), which not only summarized the latest data of campus crime and safety in the United States, but also summarized the important performance or indicators of campus crime and safety. The 22 campus crime and safety indicators summarized in this report provide reference for educational policy makers and practitioners, and also help to find effective ways to prevent campus crime and violence.
In addition, the voice and efforts of media workers are also very important. They can supervise and expose schools, which will have a positive impact on solving campus violence. Active communication and understanding between parents and students is also an effective means to prevent and solve campus violence.
As far as the law is concerned, the evaluation of injury in China is quantitative measurement, and only when the victim's physical injury reaches a certain level can he be punished according to the criminal law. In the United States, an insult or a slap in the face to the abuser may make him severely punished. Teenagers who have extremely serious consequences of violence or repeatedly commit violence may face the trial, finalization or sentencing of adult criminal cases even if the perpetrators are under the age of 18, and will not condone the breeding of school bullying's behavior because of the lenient treatment of juvenile crimes.
France: ending all forms of school violence
The word "bullying" originated in the United States, but on the other side of the Atlantic, the French campus is also facing the severe challenge of campus violence.
The statistical data analysis of the French Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry of Education) shows that campus violence has a high correlation with the type, gender and region of high schools.
High schools in France are divided into three categories: ordinary high schools, technical high schools and vocational high schools. In ordinary senior high schools and technical schools, campus violence increased slightly from 2008 to 20 12, and then decreased gradually in the next two years. However, in vocational high schools, the number of violent acts continues to rise. At the same time, in the 20 13-20 14 school year, the violence in French junior high schools and ordinary senior high schools showed a downward trend as a whole. From the gender characteristics, the perpetrators were 76% boys and 2 1% girls, and the rate of girls involved in serious violence was 3.5 times lower than that of boys. Last February, 65438+, another survey by the French Ministry of Education, showed that bullying incidents were largely concentrated in very few schools, and 40% of school violence occurred in 10% of junior high schools and senior high schools. It can be seen that campus violence is influenced by factors such as region, community and school culture.
At the same time, the data show that the main components of campus violence are personal injury (79%) and property injury (9. 1%). Specifically, verbal violence accounts for 4 1% and physical violence accounts for 30%. In addition, other violent acts, such as drug abuse, alcoholism, traffic violation or carrying weapons, account for 1 1.6% of the total number of violent acts. Since 2007, verbal violence has increased significantly, from 37.5% to 465,438+0.7%, while physical violence has declined slightly since 2008, down by 8%. 89% of the school violence happened among students, and the rest involved faculty, parents and outsiders.
In addition to the traditional forms of school violence, the French authorities are also very concerned about the special forms of gender-based violence on campus.
Since 20 12, the French government has publicized the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women on 10 165438+25 every year. In order to reduce all forms of violence, sexual harassment and sexual assault against women, the French Ministry of Education spared no effort to participate.
But these behaviors are unavoidable in school. According to the statistics of the French Ministry of Education, 37% of the violence reported by school girls is gender-based violence. Among the people who reported cyberbullying, 17% were underage girls and 1 1% were boys. In addition, 7.5% of girls and 5% of boys in the school reported that they had suffered gender-based violence.
In this regard, the Ministry of Education has also put forward specific measures: in the national education stage, set up a professional hotline to prevent and fight harassment, provide educational guidance, and offer courses to prevent gender violence in junior and senior high schools; In the stage of higher education and scientific research, the Ministry of Education ensures the fairness of the choice of disciplines and majors, publishes and disseminates the guide book "Sexual Abuse: Understanding and Resistance", and refuses to provide financial support to universities that implement discriminatory student policies.
The rapid development of science and technology and the popularity of the Internet have not only brought positive effects to teenagers. In France, 65,438+08% of junior high school students said that in 2065,438+03, they were subjected to new violence such as abuse and insult on mobile phones and the Internet.
Compared with traditional school bullying, the Internet and social networks have created an unprecedented form of violence: graphic violence. Compared with the violence in the form of words in the past, the sharing and dissemination of offensive images have brought greater impact to teenagers. The violent behavior of cyber bullying has caused more direct harm because of the rapid spread of insulting information. In addition, the speed of information dissemination is extremely fast, and it is often too late to stop the spread of information and protect students, which has caused great harm to the victims.
There are many reasons that drive teenagers to commit cyber violence, but the main inducement is age. Teenagers do harm to themselves and others because they are young, immature and do not know how to deal with and transform violent impulses.
Therefore, school education is very important. In the education of cyber violence, French teenager psychologist Gao Dai thinks: firstly, let teenagers know the boundary of cyber behavior, and cyber behavior is also constrained; Secondly, we should popularize legal education among teenagers and punish the perpetrators of cyber violence. At the same time, Gao Dai thinks that corresponding measures should be put forward to deal with graphic violence. From 2065438 to February 2004, former French Minister of Education Van Champion put forward specific measures to deal with cyber violence, including TV publicity, teacher training, students' self-protection, and victims' testifying in court.
Starting from 20 14, the French government holds a nationwide poster and video contest against school violence every year, which is undoubtedly one of the important opportunities for students and schools to understand, publicize and participate in the fight against school violence. According to different classes, the contest selected the winning works in four groups: primary school, junior high school grade one, grade two, junior high school grade three, grade four and senior high school. Whether it is the French government, schools or the media, the publicity and mobilization process of the contest can be regarded as an important activity against school violence. As a group with the closest relationship with campus violence, students will inevitably enhance their attention, knowledge and understanding of campus violence in the process of participating in it, thus having a positive impact on eliminating campus violence.
Enlightenment of American and French Experience to China
In recent years, many school bullying events in China have attracted the attention of many people in China under the media reports. Bullying has a serious and long-term influence on students' body and mind, and China should also pay attention to it.
Facing the new field of "anti-bullying", our school may be inexperienced and lack the methods to intervene and eradicate campus violence. However, in principle, teachers should face up to school bullying's behavior reported by students or witnessed by themselves, not tolerate or delay bullying, and do a good job in publicity and education on weekdays. When the incident occurs, the school should also stop the bullying incident at the first time and solve the problem as perfectly as possible through communication and cooperation with the perpetrators, victims and parents of both parties.
For the school bullying incident that has happened, we might as well follow the example of western countries and set up "campus psychological counselors for primary and secondary schools" on campus as far as possible to provide professional psychological counseling for both sides of the violence. In the United States, every school has a campus counselor, and bullying incidents will be solved by professionals.
In addition, campus psychological counselors should preach school bullying-related knowledge at the opening ceremony, and provide parents with relevant measures to solve school bullying at the parent-teacher conference, so as to promote multi-party participation and reduce the occurrence of campus violence.
Finally, when administrative means can't solve or stop school bullying, we really need strong judicial guarantee to create a good campus safety environment for students with the coercive force of law. In this regard, it is particularly important to improve the law.
2.
Recently, "school bullying" has appeared frequently on the Internet. "Anhui primary school students were forced to eat shit and drink urine by the vice squad leader, and later threatened to' kill you';" Boys in Nanjing No.1 Middle School were blocked from asking for money and things by boys in junior high schools. After refusing, they were beaten, forced to slap themselves in the face and forced to eat shit "; Guangdong Haifeng female middle school students were stripped naked, beaten and shot "; Female junior high school students in Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province fight "; And "Jiang boys were burned to death by four junior high school students.
This is still a video exposed by the Internet, and there are many "school bullying" incidents that have not entered the public's field of vision, but actually exist around us. For example, when I was in junior high school, there were several "gangs" in the school. They not only extort money from classmates, bully and beat classmates, but also extend violence to teachers and retaliate against their discipline!
Why does "campus bullying" appear frequently? Critics have made many comments and found out many reasons. Some think it is the lack of family education, some think it is the influence of social violence culture, some think it is the vacuum left by school education, legal inaction and so on.
As educators, the author wants to say that if we complain about the prevalence of social violence culture, if we look for the lack of family education, we may eventually forget our responsibilities. As educators, we should not only understand the causes of the "school bullying" phenomenon, but more importantly, we should stick to our own position, educate students with school education, and effectively prevent the emergence of "school bullying".
As a nine-year compulsory school with 4,000 students, some practices of our school may provide reference for putting an end to the phenomenon of "school bullying".
First of all, our school issued "Six Articles of the Student Convention" to persuade students who have the following six behaviors: first, fighting, ganging up and blackmailing others; Second, people who don't respect teachers, contradict, abuse or even attack teachers; Third, there are smokers, drinkers and drug addicts; Four, carrying controlled knives, mobile phones, game consoles and other prohibited items; 5. If you don't make progress, you will fail in Nissin for more than 2 weeks, Zhou Qing for more than 1 month, and monthly Qing for more than 1 semester; 6. Those who publish comments on the Internet that are detrimental to the reputation of schools and teachers. The purpose of the student convention is not to persuade students, but to set up high-voltage lines for students and clearly tell them what they can't do. The purpose of the convention is to prevent this from happening. Strict school discipline and rules will create a healthy, positive, happy and upward growth environment for all students.
Secondly, carry out relevant moral and legal education. At the beginning of the new semester, the school will hold relevant theme class meetings. Through the theme class meeting education activities, let students understand why they can't do this, what laws and regulations they have violated, and what consequences they need to bear. At the same time, the theme class activities tell students how to deal with bullying.
Third, resolve students' conflicts and disputes in time and strengthen communication between home and school. Contradictions between students, especially those between junior and senior high school students, are likely to turn into violent incidents if they are not resolved in time. Therefore, the school has set up a sunset activity of "I am in three provinces, I am in three provinces", which allows students to reflect on their behavior and study every day and resolve conflicts through students' self-reflection. In terms of home-school communication, the head teacher and the deputy head teacher fill out the home-school contact manual every two weeks, and the head teacher and life teacher communicate with parents by telephone at least once a month. Through the interaction between home and school, especially the interaction between parents and class teachers, we can grasp the psychological state of students in time and have a general grasp of their school, family and social activities, which can effectively prevent the emergence of "school bullying".
Finally, through various student activities, such as various sports competitions, students with violent tendencies are integrated into the students, so that they can shine and be accepted by other students!
In a word, school education has an unshirkable responsibility for the emergence of "school bullying". As school educators, we should not only find out the reasons, but also actively educate students and adopt reasonable educational methods to transform those students with violent tendencies, so that these students can be integrated into classmates and not swept away by violent culture, thus transforming violent students and preventing "school bullying"!