In journalism research, a lot of research is "doing the opposite". Assume the correctness of this theory first, then infer the reporter's reporting framework through the media content, and then analyze the content tendency and social influence of the report on this basis.
In other words, the framework was originally a means for journalists to understand news events, but now it has become a means to study news reports. Its high generalization ability can usually cover a large number of reports, which is convenient for researchers to identify the skeleton behind the report details.
What is the theoretical framework?
Frame theory (frame analysis)
The concept of framework originated in batson (batson, 1955) and was introduced into cultural sociology by gofman (1974). Later, it was introduced into the study of mass communication and became an important viewpoint in qualitative research. Gofman believes that what really matters to a person is his or her definition of the situation. This definition can be divided into bars and frames. An article is a sequence of activities, and a framework refers to the organizational type used to define an article. At the same time, he believes that the framework is an important evidence for people to transform social reality into subjective thoughts, that is, people or organizations' subjective interpretation and thinking structure of events. As to how the framework came into being, gofman thinks that on the one hand, it comes from past experience, on the other hand, it is often influenced by social and cultural consciousness.
Gammson further believes that the definition of framework can be divided into two categories on the basis of Goffman. One kind refers to the boundary, which also contains the meaning of choice and represents the range of materials; The other is architecture-people use it to explain the outside world. The concept of frame can be understood as the compound of nouns and verbs. As a verb, it is a frame process of limiting external facts and psychologically recreating truth; As a noun, it is a formed framework (Zang Guoren, 1999). Scholars have done a lot of research on the concrete mechanism of frame as a verb, and there are different opinions. For example, Gitlin (1980) thinks it is choice, emphasis and exclusion, Eentman points out it is choice and convex choice, and Zhong Weiwen and Zang Guoren of Taiwan Province Province think it is choice and reorganization. Pan Zhongdang, a Chinese scholar, believes that frame analysis is "a research field about how people construct social reality". For the research of news media framework, scholars basically originated from gofman's thought. Tankard (199 1+0) thinks that frame is the central idea of news. Entman believes that the framework contains two functions: selection and prominence. One thing of the framework is to select the parts that are considered necessary and make special treatment in the report to reflect the meaning explanation, attribution inference, moral evaluation and suggestions on treatment methods. In the study of the forming factors of news frame, Wu (Woo, 1994) and others believe that news frame is the result of the interaction among journalists, news sources, audiences and social situations.
Since 1980s, frame analysis has been paid more and more attention by communication scholars at home and abroad, and has been widely used. Professor Huang Dan analyzed the frame theory in the book The Image of the Communicator: The Construction and Dissolution of Journalism Professionalism. From the perspective of frame analysis, the news production province is a kind of social production. In such a production process, news is first and foremost a social system. First of all, news is a mode of production for news consumers to produce the information they can get. A consumer buys a newspaper because he or she wants to read a comedy or bridge column, understand the weather forecast, look for a movie being shown, or read a report about floods, floods or social unrest. Secondly, news is an alliance of legal institutions. The Secretary of State can express his views in the news media, but ordinary men and women can't use the media in this way, and ordinary citizens can't turn their reactions to the news into public policies and plans like legitimate politicians and institutions. Finally, news is discovered, collected and disseminated by professional practitioners working in organizations. In this way, news will inevitably depend on the products of journalists, and the institutionalized process of journalists can follow the institutionalized operation. These actions must include cooperation with agencies that routinely report news.
What is the theoretical framework?
The concept of framework theory originated from batson (batson, 1955) and was introduced into cultural sociology by Goffman (1974). Later, it was introduced into the study of mass communication and became an important viewpoint in qualitative research. Goffman is a critic of symbolic interaction in drama theory. He uses dramatic metaphors to analyze human behavior (Steven John Jr., 1999). Gofman believes that what really matters to a person is his or her definition of the situation. This definition can be divided into bars and frames. Articles refer to the sequence of activities, and frameworks refer to the organizational types used to define articles. Gofman also conducted the research on information dissemination activities under the background of frame analysis.
Gofman thinks that frame is an important evidence that people turn social reality into subjective thoughts, that is, people or organizations' subjective interpretation and thinking structure of events. So how did the framework come from? Gofman believes that on the one hand, it stems from past experience, on the other hand, it is often influenced by social and cultural consciousness.
What does the theoretical framework in the doctoral opening report mean?
What is in favor of and what is against should be clearly stated, and never be ambiguous.
Novelty: the argument should be as novel and profound as possible, which can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as unique and novel as possible.
Is the theoretical framework the same as literature review? 5 points
Different theoretical frameworks are the introduction of the theories cited in the article and related theories, which generally only involve theoretical things, not applications and personal opinions. Literature review is the synthesis, evaluation and analysis of relevant literature in this paper. Summarize the literature research value of this paper. Give a simple example. If you want to learn how to cook braised pork, the theoretical framework includes: what kind of meat to choose, the importance of fire, the principle of sugar, or the principle of soy sauce and cooking time. Literature review is: what kind of praise a master has received, the reasons why some people object, what new practices have appeared in recent years, sum up the advantages and disadvantages of various practices, and find out which ones have changed and which ones have not. Summarize what breakthroughs you have made, what tastes you cater to, and what time value you have. Then you can prove the feasibility of the method in your article by dividing theory into practice.
What kind of research does the theoretical framework in studying some problems or phenomena belong to?
5 correct answer: B 42. Which of the following is not a characteristic of scientific research? () The D result cannot repeat the correct answer: D 43. Which of the following research methods is the theoretical framework for studying some problems or phenomena? ()B
Does the research significance come from the theoretical framework or the research object?
First, the question (purpose and significance) This part mainly explains where the idea of studying the topic comes from, that is, the source and background of the topic, the purpose of the study and its historical and practical significance. This is the purpose of research scheme design and research process. The problem should include the following aspects. (A) the argument of the topic, that is, the theoretical value and practical significance of the topic. (2) Literature review on the research history and present situation of this subject at home and abroad. (3) Definition of the research scope. Two. Research Basis and Hypothesis (1) Research basis: including policy basis, laws and regulations basis, educational science theory basis and research object's own development law basis, etc. (2) theoretical hypothesis: that is, a speculation about the causal relationship of things, that is, a prediction of what is achieved through what. Suppose there are four main points in the expression: first, clarity. Hypothesis is usually a declarative sentence or a complex sentence, which must include speculation about the relationship between two or more variables. Second, novelty. It reflects the hot spots, difficulties and key issues in the development of education reform and has realistic pertinence. Third, it is reasonable. It conforms to the requirements of seeking truth and doing good and the basic theory of educational science. Fourth, it can be measured. It can be verified by clear target system, specific operation requirements and scientific testing standards. Three. Research objects and methods (1) Research objects: As mentioned above, the selection methods of research objects can generally be divided into two categories: overall research and sampling research: they can be selected according to the nature, requirements, research objects and feasibility of research strength. Sampling research is often used for primary and secondary education and scientific research projects. The purpose of sampling research is to study samples that can represent the whole population, obtain reliable data that can explain the whole population, accurately infer the whole situation, and thus understand the characteristics or laws of the whole population. The principle and steps of sampling should be explained in the scheme design. If it is an experimental study, it is necessary to explain the principles and methods of determining the experimental class and the control class. (2) Research methods: mainly refers to specific research methods, means and tools. Every subject should have corresponding research methods. Generally, comprehensive methods can be adopted, or one method can be used as the main method, supplemented by other methods. This will help to collect all kinds of information and get reliable conclusions. In the scheme, it is necessary to put forward what role these methods play and how to operate. Four, the research goal refers to the research goal, mainly the direct goal. The target requirements are clear, the connotation and extension are clear, and it is feasible, operable and detectable. V. Research Contents The research objectives should be reflected through the research contents. The research content is to concretize the research ideas on the basis of theoretical assumptions and research objectives. Usually, the research variables are decomposed into several sub-topics, and each sub-topic serves the overall topic, with its own emphasis and mutual penetration, forming a unified whole. The determination of the research content is to investigate, discuss, test, investigate and experiment various variables in education, so as to reveal their essential characteristics, reveal the relationship between variables, and reach an understanding of the nature and laws of educational phenomena. In the design of research content, it is necessary to determine the category and nature of variables, delimit the scope of variables, explain the control methods of variables, and formulate standards (that is, indicators) to mark the changes of variables. For experimental research, how to manipulate independent variables, how to detect dependent variables and how to control irrelevant variables should be explained in detail. The research step of intransitive verbs is to determine the implementation process and time planning of the research, that is, to design the specific stages and arrangements of the research. Every step of the research, the tasks and requirements of each stage, and the working time required for each stage should be written into the written plan. It is feasible and operable to make specific arrangements for the tasks and implementation process of each stage. Seven, the safeguard measures are mainly to put forward specific implementation measures for personnel training, research materials and equipment, testing tools and funds to ensure the smooth completion of the research. Eight, the form of results mainly refers to the final form of results, that is, the process of research and the form of expression of research results. Generally, it should be a research report, an investigation report or an experimental report. For a larger project, there should be not only the final results table, but also the stage results table, sub-project results table and total project results table. When determining the form of results, responsibilities and division of labor should be clearly defined to ensure the completion of results. In addition, while designing the overall research scheme, the implementation scheme (including guiding ideology, research principles, requirements for steps and stages, basic methods, detection means, equipment configuration, data collection and accumulation, etc.). ) and evaluation scheme (including the quality index system of students' development) ...... >; & gt
What is the theoretical framework of the thesis? How to write?
I have read your proposal quickly. ; The theoretical basis is still missing. ; What differences do you hope to find in Chinese and American media discourse? ; Why? ; This is the hardest but also the most important part. I hope the teacher can give me some suggestions for the next step:) A: That teacher is right: extract your research questions (not to test whether there is any difference) and discuss them in a clear theoretical framework. This is called conceptualization. Based on the existing related research, we often have some assumptions about our research problems. Usually, empirical research tests hypotheses. The key point here is that the expected hypothesis is not a guess in your imagination, but can be "analyzed" or "inferred" according to relevant theories and other people's research, that is, it needs some theoretical basis. What you want to explain is the logic of your analysis or inference. This analysis cannot be based on your assumptions or common sense. You did mention the frame theory, but that's just the name or introduction of a theory, just your general analysis method. You should also be specific according to the frame theory, that is, when a country or a media reports something, it usually has a specific frame. What are the significant factors that affect the formation of this frame? Only through theoretical analysis and literature review, it is found that different countries (such as China and the United States) have different factors affecting the reporting framework of their news media, can you make the assumption that the reporting framework of the two countries' media may be different. Then, you can test this hypothesis by analyzing the content of specific media reports. Many students think that in their own papers or research plans, as long as a single theory is introduced, there will be a theoretical framework, but it is not. The key to the application of any theoretical framework is to apply the reasoning logic behind this theory (the so-called theory is the statement that two or more phenomena have a certain relationship). Therefore, we should put the main aspects involved in the theory into our own research context for specific application, including concept definition and operation definition. As you have seen, because you have not been systematically trained in research methods, you began to write research plans. Although you have been crammed in a hurry for some time before, there are still obvious problems with your research plan. As a judge, he only has relatively unified and objective standards, and will not consider whether you have corresponding training and give you sympathy points.
How to write the research content and framework?
Project report refers to a written explanation of scientific research project by the sponsor. This is a new applied style, which is produced with the enhancement of the planning of modern scientific research activities and the need of programmed management of scientific research topics. The opening report is generally in tabular format, and each item to be reported is converted into a corresponding column, which is convenient for the opening report to fill in according to the item and avoids omission; It is also convenient for the judges to see at a glance and grasp the main points. The opening report includes four aspects: summary, key technology, feasibility analysis and time arrangement. The opening report is one of the basic materials for the graduation thesis defense Committee to examine students' defense qualifications. Because the opening report is the main idea of the paper in words, it doesn't have to be too long, but it should include the planned research topic, how to study it, the application of theory and other major issues. The general part of the opening report should first propose the topic, and briefly explain the purpose of the topic, the research status, theoretical application and research methods of related topics. The opening report is a statement made by the project undertaker to relevant experts, scholars and scientific and technological personnel. Then they will comment on the scientific research topics. You can also use "Delphi method" to score; Then the scientific research management department comprehensively evaluates the opinions and decides whether to approve the project. The contents of the opening report are as follows: project name, undertaker, project leader, starting and ending years, and registration outline. The registration outline includes: (1) the purpose and significance of the project, the general situation of research at home and abroad, and the main viewpoints and conclusions of relevant literature; (2) Research object, research content, relevant indicators and main research methods (including whether experimental research has been conducted); (3) the overall schedule; (4) preparatory work and existing conditions (including personnel, instruments and equipment, etc.). ); (5) The main equipment and instruments to be added (use, name, specification, model, quantity, price, etc.). ); (6) Budget estimates; (7) Expected research results; (8) Undertaking units and main cooperative units, and division of labor, etc. Peer review focuses on judging the basis, significance and technical feasibility of the topic. That is, science and technology itself provide the necessary basis for decision-making. The format of the opening report (general) Since the opening report is the overall idea of the paper embodied in words, it need not be too long, but it should include two parts: general and outline, so as to clarify the main issues to be studied, how to study and the application of theory. 1 General Introduction The general part of the opening report should first propose the topic, and briefly explain the purpose of the topic, the research status, theoretical application, research methods and necessary data of related topics. 2 The outline of the paper included in the opening report can be very thick, which is a basic framework for research ideas. It can be in the form of a whole sentence or an outline. In the opening stage, the purpose of the outline is to let people know the basic framework of the paper, and it is not necessary to be as detailed as the paper catalogue. 3. The opening report of references should include the contents of relevant references. 4. It is required that the opening report should have a cover with a total number of pages of not less than 4 pages. The layout format shall meet the following requirements. Open the topic and tell the students: 1. Significance of topic selection 1, theoretical significance 2. Practical significance II. Abstract 1, the origin and evolution of theory II. A summary of foreign related research. A summary of domestic research. My evaluation of the above summary 3. Introduction of the paper 1. 1, 2, 3 ... 1, 2, 3, ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
How to discuss the research problems of the thesis with the theoretical framework?
1 The theoretical framework of the thesis The argument of the thesis must have a theoretical framework, especially the master's thesis, and it can't just be a list of one, two, three, four. The theoretical level of the thesis is often highlighted from here, and the difference between theory and viewpoint lies in its systematicness. The theoretical framework is like an outline. If you look at the outline, the paper becomes a whole, otherwise you will be suspected of slapping your head, and others will question the coverage and value of the conclusion. Please pay attention to abstract writing. When consulting several students' academic papers, it is often found that students can't write abstracts, which may be because they don't pay attention to abstract writing. It is very important for papers: it determines whether editors and reviewers will adopt your papers and whether readers will read your papers. On the other hand, the abstract also reflects your academic ability-briefly introduce your thoughts, opinions and achievements to others. Explain that you know what you are doing, your writing purpose, and your value recognition of what you are doing. If your abstract can't be a good advertisement for your paper, you don't even know why you wrote this article. When I was in primary and secondary schools, I hated that teachers often asked me to write paragraphs with general ideas and central ideas. Now that I think about it, this is actually training our reading ability-what you have read is also training our generalization ability-what have you read? Translated into the abstract of the paper is-what did I write in this article? This kind of writing skill really comes down in one continuous line. Through careful experience and constant practice, it is not difficult to write an abstract that people can understand and read. Learn to write a title. Good titles should be concise and to the point, and the style of full-text titles should be consistent. This is also an opportunity to train generalization ability. When learning to write argumentative essays in middle schools, teachers repeatedly emphasize the need for arguments and arguments. Reading students' papers, I find that people often pay little attention to putting forward arguments, collecting arguments, demonstrating, or expressing some feelings and guesses emotionally, or simply stating what I did, why I did it, to what extent I did it, and where I went. I often lack strong arguments and explanations, and I failed to do so. Students who attach importance to conclusion writing often pay less attention to the final conclusion writing in their papers. Maybe I can't help but write the paper to the end. Perhaps because I don't want to do this kind of research in the future anyway, I ended up in a hurry. I don't know if writing a thesis conclusion is a good opportunity to exercise people: the ability to summarize and the keen judgment. The first part of the conclusion is an overview of your work, which actually shows your understanding of the core content and value of your work. If you can't see the meaning of your work and can't tell the content of your work clearly, you don't have to write such a paper to avoid endangering the ecological environment. The second part of the conclusion is the analysis of the lack of research, and the reflection on the research process, methods and results is the basis for your further development. Every time you write a paper, you should consciously train yourself to reflect, and this quality will be transferred to other things you do, which will benefit you for life. The third part of the conclusion is suggestions for the next step of research, which reflects your grasp of the development trend of research in this field, cultivates your ability to judge the future trend consciously, and has an impact on your career development and the formation of leadership. It goes without saying. The final evaluation of the paper must be discussed with the tutor, revised several times, and read it carefully before going to press. All the sentences are not fluent and misspelled, otherwise a little carelessness will leave a bad impression on the reviewers. In addition, finally check the table of contents: are the chapter titles concise and to the point, and are the sentence patterns symmetrical and consistent? 7 the structure of graduation thesis students often don't know how to construct the structure of graduation thesis, so they will go to their brothers and sisters to observe the thesis. The method is right, but it won't help them much if they meet the wrong person. It is suggested to search for doctoral dissertations of foreign universities while searching for papers related work. Considering their thesis organization, generally speaking, the thesis writing in foreign universities is much more standardized than that in China. Who should I show the finished paper to? I think writing a thesis has two purposes: 1) to introduce what you think is valuable to the public, which may be your research results or the work of others you see, hoping to be applied; 2) Reflect your research level and interest, and hope to be affirmed. From these two perspectives, it is clear to whom a written paper should be read: the readers you have in mind when writing the paper, such as people who can use the conclusion of this paper, experts in this field, and people who can point out whether the conclusion of your paper is feasible. Every ... >>