Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was a Jewish neurologist in Vienna. 1856 was born in Moravia (now Czech Republic) on May 6th. At the age of four, he moved to Vienna with his parents and spent eighty years in Vienna. He was clever when he was young. 1873 was admitted to Vienna university to study medicine and engage in scientific research that interests him. 1876 worked as an assistant researcher under the guidance of Professor Brooke, 188 1 obtained a doctorate in medicine. The next year, he cooperated with neurologist Bleuel. Bluel is fourteen years older than Freud and a disciple of Brooke. Brooke, like Ludwig, Dubois Lemmon and Helmholtz, formed an alliance and opposed the theory of vitality, arguing that "there is no other force in living things except general physical and chemical forces". Freud and Bluel, who were trained in physicalism under Brooke, admitted that "psychology studies the central nervous system, and mental energy is physical energy supplied by brain cells".

Bluel used hypnosis to treat a hysterical female patient Anna. Among many symptoms, the patient has a special symptom, that is, he can't drink water for six weeks in the case of unbearable thirst. In hypnosis, she told how she walked into the room of a governess she didn't like when she was a child, and saw her dog drinking water from a glass, which aroused her disgust, but because of the traditional influence of a respected teacher, she had to keep silent. Under hypnosis, she regained her memory of the past and tried to vent her anger. After that, the strange disease that she couldn't drink water disappeared. This therapy is mainly carried out through conversation or suggestion, so Freud called it talk therapy, which was the basis of his later psychoanalysis.

His explanation of this effect is based on Brooke's physicalism, which holds that people's psychological activities depend on the physical energy supplied by the nervous system. When the physical level is too high, it needs to be released or vented, which will help the disappearance of neuropathy. So Freud supported the physical or physiological reasons of neuropathy at the beginning of his medical practice.

But Freud also felt the subtle relationship between body and mind in the face of this effect. Educated by Brook's physicalism, he did not immediately turn to the theory of psychosomatic sympathy, but only advocated the theory of psychosomatic parallelism. He said, "the chain of physiological processes in the nervous system will not have a causal relationship with psychological processes." "Therefore, psychology is a process parallel to physiology." He thinks that the essence of mind and matter is different, so he thinks it is a logical error to translate this process into another. However, according to the analysis of Jones, the author of Freud's Biography, Freud did not completely adhere to the parallelism theory. Sometimes he would say that physical or sexual changes lead to anxiety, or an emotion leads to paralysis of hands and feet.

From 1885 to 1886, Freud studied under the French neurologist Shaq. Sand can be hypnotized, sometimes eliminating these symptoms and sometimes causing hysteria. Therefore, Freud believed that physical symptoms could be effectively treated through concept transmission. Later, he went to Nancy to observe Li and Bernheim's hypnotherapy. These French doctors are different from their German contemporaries. They don't stick to the viewpoint of brain anatomy and admit that psychopathology is a branch of psychology.

Influenced by France and based on his own clinical experience, Freud gradually moved from the theory of physiological etiology to the theory of psychological etiology or the hypothesis of psychological motivation, and believed that mental illness originated from the contradiction of psychological internal motivation.

Under the guidance of the theory of physiological etiology, Freud tried electrotherapy, hydrotherapy and massage to treat neuropathy in 1886, but the effect was not significant. Under the guidance of the theory of psychological etiology, he adopted 1887 suggestion therapy learned from Shake, which he thought was good and economical. But the curative effect is difficult to last and often repeated. So he created psychoanalysis, that is, free association method, which began to be used in 1892. He insists on his so-called determinism because he insists on the principle of Helmholtz school, does not believe in libertarianism, and thinks that any association is not without reason and has certain significance; Therefore, through the patient's free association, we can dig out the motivation or desire buried deep in the patient's psychology, which is the so-called subconscious desire. It turns out that Freud divided people's psychological process into three layers, the upper layer is consciousness, the middle layer is pre-consciousness, and the bottom layer is subconscious, which constitutes his depth psychology. He believes that the consciousness of an idea is fleeting, but the vanished idea can become consciousness again when necessary, which is called pre-consciousness. As for the subconscious mind, it is suppressed and excluded from the realm of consciousness. Now if you want it to enter consciousness repeatedly, you will be rejected by the patient. So Freud thought that resistance and repression were two sides of the same process. The purpose of psychoanalysis is to overcome this resistance and turn subconscious desires into consciousness, so that treatment can be effective. However, this kind of resistance is not easy to be subdued and requires the superb skills of psychoanalysts.

What kind of desire is suppressed? Freud thought it was mainly sexual desire; Sexual dysfunction is the root cause of neuropathy. He published "Etiology of Hysteria" in 1896, and put forward the theory of seduction, arguing that children's innocence and asexual impulse at an early age are only induced by adults. By the end of 1896 and the first half of 1897, Freud began to doubt the induction theory. /kloc-in the summer of 0/897, he made a difficult self-analysis, and found his libido longing for his mother and hostility to his father when he was young, which was the so-called Oedipus complex. So he gave up the seduction theory and admitted his childhood sexual life, but Freud's "sex" does not refer to the pleasure of reproduction or reproductive organs, but to the pleasure of all sensitive areas.

Because Bruel disagreed with Freud's view on sex, Freud made like-minded friends with wool instead. The secret of his letter to Wool is to abandon the temptation theory and discover the Oedipus complex. Fleece has a strong interest in the study of sexual problems. He published his first book in 1897, and proposed a new complication, called nasal reactive neurosis, including headache, neuralgia and disorders of internal organs such as circulation, breathing and digestion. His research aroused Freud's interest in two aspects. "1. He thinks that the nasal mucosa has a special relationship with the activities of reproductive organs, because when sexually excited, the nasal mucosa sometimes appears congestion. 2. From the fact that women passed by, he speculated that the life activities of both sexes implied periodicity. "Wool 1887 came to Vienna and listened to Freud's neurology class through Bleuel's introduction. In the next six years, he often corresponded with Freud. Freud gave him 284 letters, cards and notes, of which 168 constitute a paper entitled The Origin of Psychoanalysis.

Although Freud was supported by wool on the issue of sex, Adler and Jung abandoned Freud's teachings after Breuer because they opposed etiology. Adler split from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 19 1 1 and founded individual psychology. Jung left the International Psychoanalytic Association after Adler in 19 15, and established the banner of analytical psychology.

But Freud is already famous abroad. 1909, President Stanley Hall invited Clark University to attend the 20th anniversary celebration and awarded him an honorary doctorate. He met with famous American psychologists James, Cartel, Timothy Cernil and others. His lecture at school was divided into five times, entitled "The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis", which was translated into English by Chase and published in several languages. The Chinese version was published in Education Magazine of Shanghai Commercial Press in the 1920s. Freud was a prolific scholar, and his works aroused readers' interest. New psychoanalytic societies have been established in big European cities. The Dutch Association of Psychiatrists and Neurologists and the British Psychological Association invited him as an honorary member. In short, his popularity reached its peak between 19 19 and 1939.

But his later life was full of hardships. 1923 oral cancer was detected. Hitler was anti-Semitic when he came to power, 1938 invaded Austria, and Freud was forced to leave Vienna. On September 2,1,1939 died in England.

Freud's fame and influence are rare among psychologists. His main contribution to psychology is the study of human motivation, or as Pauline pointed out, "the important source of dynamic psychology is of course Freud." As we all know, Feng Te and his disciples' experimental psychology inherited the tradition of associative psychology and physiological psychology, engaged in the research of sensory perception, and attached importance to the introspection analysis of consciousness, but neglected the analysis of human behavior and its motivation or motivation. Freud's psychoanalysis makes up for the disadvantages of traditional experimental psychology. Therefore, it has attracted people's attention and welcome.

Schultz, an American expert in the history of psychology, emphasized in his new edition History of Modern Psychology (198 1) that some of Freud's concepts have been brought into the mainstream of modern psychology, and pointed out that "Freud's influence on general culture is enormous. After he visited Clark University, the influence of his system was immediately felt. Barker said that 19 10 years later, American newspapers and periodicals were full of Freud's papers, and 1920 years later, the United States published more than 200 books on Freud's psychoanalysis. So Freud is very famous in America.

But Freud was a doctor who treated neuropathy, not a strictly trained psychological experimenter. The material on which he is based is not obtained through experimental control. When he used psychoanalysis to treat neuropathy, no one could guarantee that the patient's report was not made according to the doctor's requirements and wishes. So Freud's method of collecting materials has been criticized by psychologists.