The rapid development of security technology in China has attracted close attention from all walks of life. Due to the limitation of many historical and practical conditions, many theoretical and practical problems in China's security technology prevention work have not been seriously studied and defined. In view of some problems encountered in practical work, this paper puts forward some thoughts and suggestions of the author, hoping to play a role in attracting jade. Improper, welcome colleagues in the industry to criticize and correct.
First, the concept of security.
Security is a historical concept. It is first and foremost a natural choice for human survival. With the continuous development of productive forces and social and economic progress, its content and form are constantly changing, gradually forming specialized technologies and corresponding industries, which have become an important part of social and economic life.
1. General concept of security (security &; Protection)
According to the Modern Chinese Dictionary, the so-called safety means that there is no danger, no infringement and no accident. The so-called prevention means preparedness, vigilance, preparedness means preparing for an attack or avoiding victimization, and vigilance means preparedness and protection.
Based on the above explanation, can we define security as: preparing and protecting against attacks or avoiding victims, so that the protected object is in a safe state without danger, infringement and accident?
Obviously, here, safety is the purpose and prevention is the means. It is the basic connotation of safety prevention to achieve or realize the purpose of safety through preventive measures.
2. Two safety interpretations (safety and security)
Security in Chinese has two interpretations in English: security and security.
The Modern Advanced English-Chinese Dictionary published by Oxford University mainly explains the word "security" as follows: safety and security; Insurance (lock), insurance (box), etc. The main explanation of the word safety is: safety, no danger, no trouble; Provide something safe to avoid danger or worry; Collateral, collateral; Security (police), security (troops), etc.
In fact, the security mentioned in Chinese is a kind of generalized security, which contains two meanings: first, it refers to the security of natural or quasi-natural attributes, which corresponds to security; In English; Secondly, it refers to social and humanistic security, that is, security with obvious humanistic attributes, which corresponds to security. The safety damage of natural or quasi-natural attributes is mainly not caused by people's purposeful participation, such as the safety damage caused by natural disasters (floods, droughts, earthquakes, etc.). ) and quasi-natural disasters (product design defects, deterioration of environmental sanitation conditions, etc. The destruction of social and humanistic security is mainly caused by people's purposeful participation, such as invasion, theft, robbery, destruction, explosion and other illegal and criminal activities. Therefore, security in a broad sense should include two meanings: security and security. The security precautions we often say are mainly security in a narrow sense: security, which is usually called "security" abroad.
3. Loss prevention and crime prevention are the essential connotations of safety prevention.
In the west, the word "safety" is not used, but loss prevention &; The concept of crime prevention. Just as Chinese safety and prevention are used together to form a new compound word, in the west, loss prevention and crime prevention are also used together. Loss prevention and crime prevention are two aspects of security. In foreign countries, loss prevention usually refers to the focus of social security industry, while crime prevention is the focus of police law enforcement departments. The organic combination of the two can ensure social stability and security. In this sense, loss prevention and crime prevention are the essential connotations of security.
To sum up, security is not only a public security business (police executive department), but also a social public utility and socio-economic industry. Their development and progress not only depend on the development and progress of science and technology, but also provide a superior social environment for the progress and development of science and technology.
4. Social security technology with China characteristics.
It should be pointed out that loss prevention is still a relatively broad concept. Broadly speaking, it includes disaster prevention and mitigation and public safety. As far as public safety is concerned, it not only includes "security precautions" with theft prevention, robbery prevention, invasion prevention, destruction prevention and explosion prevention as the main contents, but also includes fire safety, traffic safety information safety, communication safety, human body protection and court science.
Due to the demand of social public safety and the continuous progress of prevention technology, in the process of the rise and development of social public safety, science and technology serving social public safety also came into being and developed rapidly, and gradually formed an independent science and technology system, which is social public safety science and technology. And "security technology" is an important part of it.
(1) definition of social security science and technology
Social security science and technology is a new science and technology, and there is no unified definition in the world. China's public security science and technology management department has organized experts from all walks of life to discuss this proposition many times. According to China's national conditions, the definition of social security science and technology is: comprehensive applied science and technology to prevent, control and respond to all kinds of social illegal and criminal activities and public security disasters and accidents, maintain social order, ensure normal social work and life order, and protect the safety of the country and people's lives and property. Including security, computer security, reconnaissance, physical evidence identification, public security management, road traffic management, fire protection, information management, police communication command, police weapons, protective equipment and other professional fields.
(2) the characteristics of social security technology
From the definition of "social security science and technology", we can see that the main characteristics of social security science and technology are comprehensiveness, multidisciplinary and effectiveness. It includes not only the contents of "preventing damage and crime" in the west (except disaster prevention and mitigation), but also the contents of "forensic medicine", involving many disciplines of natural science and many fields of social humanities. It aims not only to solve the problems of loss prevention (public security disaster accident prevention) and crime prevention, but also to solve the problems of accident and crime control and handling.
In every link of prevention, control and disposal of all kinds of losses, crimes and public security disasters, we should attach great importance to the effectiveness of means, that is, prevention, control and timely treatment, otherwise it will lead to great disasters, cause great losses to the lives and property of the country and people, and even affect social stability and normal working and living order.
Second, security technology and security technology prevention
1. Three basic safety measures: civil air defense, physical defense and technical defense.
As mentioned above, security is a part of social security, and security technology and its industry are a branch of social technology and its industry. As far as preventive measures are concerned, safety preventive measures include three categories: human preventive measures, physical preventive measures and technical preventive measures. Among them, human prevention and physical prevention are traditional prevention means since ancient times and are the basis of safety prevention. With the continuous progress of science and technology, these traditional preventive measures are also constantly integrated into the content of new technologies.
The concept of technical prevention is a new concept in the process of modern science and technology (initially electronic alarm technology) being applied to the field of safety prevention and gradually forming an independent prevention means. Due to the continuous development, popularization and application of modern science and technology, the concept of "technical defense" is more and more deeply rooted in people's hearts, more and more recognized and accepted by public security law enforcement departments and the public, so that it has become a new vocabulary with high frequency of use, and the content of technical defense is constantly updated with the progress of science and technology. In today's era of rapid development of science and technology, it can be said that almost all high and new technologies will be transplanted or applied to safety precautions sooner or later, so the position and role of "technical precautions" in safety precautions will become more and more important, which will bring about a new revolution in safety precautions.
2. Three basic elements of security: detection, delay and response.
Detect and discover the occurrence of public and hidden risk events and issue an alarm.
Delay will prolong and delay the occurrence of risk events.
Respond to the quick actions taken by the response department to prevent the occurrence of risk events.
Among the three basic safety measures, in order to achieve the ultimate goal of prevention, we should carry out work and take measures around the three basic prevention elements of detection, delay and response to prevent and prevent the occurrence of risk events. Of course, these three preventive measures play different roles in the implementation of prevention.
The basic means of manpower prevention is to use people's own sensors (eyes, ears and other senses) to detect, find the targets that endanger or undermine safety, and respond: delay or prevent the occurrence of danger by means of sound warning, intimidation, setting obstacles, weapons counterattack and so on. And send a rescue signal when one's own strength is insufficient, so as to make further response, stop the occurrence of danger or deal with the danger that has already occurred.
The main function of physical prevention is to delay the occurrence of danger and provide enough time for "reaction". Modern physical protection is no longer passive physical barrier protection, but more and more high-tech means are adopted. On the one hand, it reduces the possibility of physical barrier being destroyed and increases the delay time; On the other hand, it also increases the detection and reaction functions of the physical barrier itself.
Technical prevention means can be said to be the functional extension and strengthening of civil air defense means and entity prevention means, and it is the supplement and strengthening of civil air defense and entity prevention in technical means. It should be integrated into civil air defense and physical defense, so that civil air defense and physical defense can continuously increase the high-tech content in the three basic elements of detection, delay and response, and continuously improve the detection ability, delay ability and response ability, so that the preventive means can really play a role and achieve the expected purpose. For example, the application of various high-tech technical defense products and systems can not be separated from physical protection facilities, and high-quality operators and high-level organization and management can give full play to the power of high technology.
Detection, delay and response are interrelated and indispensable. On the one hand, the detection should be accurate, the delay time should be appropriate and the response should be rapid; On the other hand, the total time of reaction should be less than (at most equal to) the total time of detection plus delay, that is, t reaction ≤T detection +T delay.
3. Safety technology
What is security technology? In short, the special technology used for safety work is safety technology. So, what technologies are often used in security work?
In foreign countries, security technologies are usually divided into three categories: physical protection, electronic protection and biometric protection. Physical prevention technology here mainly refers to physical prevention technology, such as buildings and physical barriers, as well as various physical facilities, equipment and products (such as doors, windows, cabinets, locks, etc. ). Electronic protection technology mainly refers to electronics, communication, computer and information processing technology and related technologies, such as electronic alarm technology, video monitoring technology, access control technology, computer network technology and related software and system engineering. Biometric prevention technology is the product of the combination of forensic identification technology and pattern recognition technology in security prevention technology. Mainly refers to the use of human biological characteristics for security and prevention of special technical categories. Now, fingerprint, palm print, eye print, voiceprint and other recognition control technologies are widely used.
4. Safety technical prevention
The so-called security technology prevention, literally, can be simply understood as a kind of work that uses security technology to carry out security prevention.
According to the essential connotation of safety preventive measures, safety technical preventive measures can be understood and explained from two different levels. For police law enforcement departments, security technology prevention is a public security business that uses security technology to carry out security prevention work; For social and economic departments, security technology prevention is an industry that provides security services for the public by using security technology. Since it is an industry, there must be product research and development, system design, engineering construction, service and management. Therefore, it is not easy to give an exact definition of security technology prevention. Because of this, there is no strict and unified definition of security technology prevention in China at present. As a suggestion, based on the opinions of most management experts in the safety management department and most technical experts in the product research and development field, the author temporarily defines the safety technical prevention as follows:
Safety technical prevention is a social practice activity that takes safety technology as the guide, human prevention as the basis, technical prevention and physical prevention as the material segments, and aims at establishing a comprehensive safety service guarantee system with basic functions such as detection, delay and response. It is a public safety business and socio-economic industry aimed at preventing losses and crimes.
Note: The contents of loss prevention and crime prevention mainly include: prevention of invasion, theft, robbery, sabotage, explosion and other illegal and criminal activities and major public security accidents.
5. Professional system of safety prevention technology
As a branch of social security science and technology, safety technology has its relatively independent technical content and professional system. According to the present situation and future development of China's safety technology, safety technology can be roughly divided into the following categories according to different disciplines, product attributes and application fields:
Intrusion detection and anti-theft alarm technology
Video detection and video monitoring technology
Identification and control technology of entrance and exit targets
Alarm information transmission/control/display/recording technology
Anti-robbery and anti-theft alarm technology for moving targets
Emergency alarm technology for community safety and social assistance
Physical protection technology
Explosion-proof security inspection technology
Security system, network and system integration technology
Design and construction technology of safety prevention project
It should be pointed out that the division of the above majors is only in a relative sense, because safety technology is a developing new technical field. In fact, the above-mentioned professional technology itself involves many different kinds of natural sciences and technologies, which intersect and penetrate each other, so the professional interface will become less and less obvious, and the same technology will be applied to different majors at the same time more and more.
Third, comprehensive security concept and social security service guarantee system.
1. Combine civil air defense, technical defense and physical defense, comprehensively manage and ensure safety.
The important role and position of technical preventive measures in safety precautions have been verified by many examples, but it is impossible to complete the task by one means alone if we really want to do a good job in safety precautions.
(1) Detection and warning (deterrence) function and limitations of technical prevention system
After the protected object adopts a certain level of technical prevention system, it can use high-tech means to accurately detect and alarm the threats it encounters. The detection and alarm function of the technical defense system can effectively prevent losses and curb crimes, and its warning and deterrent function has been proved to be effective in practice. However, no technical equipment or system can be truly foolproof, and its inherent reliability probability follows a certain statistical distribution law. In addition, the development of technology is endless, and the operation of the system will be affected and restricted by many factors, especially human factors. In this sense, any technical prevention system has limitations.
(2) The irreplaceable delay function of high-tech physical defense facilities.
Generally speaking, physical defense facilities are the material carrier or material basis of technical system and the main basic means to delay the occurrence of risks or prevent crimes. Its "delayed" role in security precautions is irreplaceable by other means. The effective display of the delay function of physical defense facilities needs the support of high technology, high technology and human maintenance and management. Without the effective cooperation and active support of technical defense and civil air defense, it is difficult to play the delay function of physical defense. This is the reason why the traditional "physical defense" was eliminated.
(3) Rapid response function of manpower prevention
Manpower prevention is the basis of safety prevention. Whether it is technical defense or physical defense, it is inseparable from the role of people. However, the limitations of human natural forces limit the function of civil air defense. The manpower prevention mentioned here is not only the demonstration of human natural ability, but also the organized preventive behavior of scientific and technological people and scientific and technological groups. On the one hand, it refers to the defense personnel themselves, which need high-tech knowledge and high-tech physical protection (such as high-quality defense personnel, high-tech preventive measures and high-tech personal protection), on the other hand, it refers to high-level preventive response ability and high-level decision-making, command and group rapid response ability. To do this, it is impossible to rely solely on crowd tactics. Traditional sea tactics are not really "civil air defense", on the contrary, they are a big misunderstanding in civil air defense work.
In short, in order to achieve real security and provide high-quality security services for the public, we must implement the organic combination of civil air defense, technical defense and physical defense, so as to effectively prevent losses, defuse risks and curb and crack down on crimes.
2. The organic combination of modern management and high-tech means is the fundamental guarantee of comprehensive management and safety.
From a higher level, the so-called combination of three defenses is the combination of modern management and high-tech means. The practical necessity and urgency of realizing this combination is the demand of social security and the need of strengthening the police through science and technology. At present, the demand for modern management is even more urgent than high-tech means and facilities, because modern technical defense systems (facilities) are ineffective and paralyzed due to backward management means, resulting in great waste.
Examples are not uncommon. Management is a specialized knowledge, and the management of safety technology prevention industry and safety technology prevention work should attract the attention and concern of relevant parties.
3. The special position and core role of public security organs in security technology prevention.
Security technology prevention is an important public security business. Public security organs shoulder the sacred responsibility of maintaining social stability and ensuring citizens' safety. In the work of security technology prevention, implementing the principle of combining civil air defense, technical defense and physical defense, establishing effective discovery, delay and response mechanism, quality and technical supervision of security products and systems, and guidance and management of security industry are all important contents of security prevention public security business. The practice of China's safety development proves that the public security organs are the leaders, organizers and promoters of safety work, and their special position and core role are irreplaceable.
4. Establish a comprehensive security concept and build a social security service guarantee system.
China's current prevention and control management system can not meet the social needs of ensuring public safety. To solve this problem, it is necessary to implement comprehensive and safe government work (or governor and mayor project). It should be pointed out that to build and develop China's characteristic safety cause, we must first establish a comprehensive safety concept, build a social security service guarantee system, and meet the public's demand for safety services.
The so-called comprehensive security concept is a security concept in a broad sense, which is to provide the public with comprehensive security services that are always safe and safe everywhere. The so-called social security service guarantee system is a comprehensive security system engineering (hardware and software) and management service system jointly implemented by the government, government organizations and all sectors of society (by no means a public security law enforcement department, let alone an institution within the public security law enforcement department).
With the in-depth development of China's socialist market economy and the approach of the future knowledge economy era, "safety", as a comprehensive service, will form a larger-scale industry. The social demand in this area is heating up gradually. As an important part of government functions, to ensure the safety of citizens' lives and property and social stability, the implementation of "comprehensive safety service project" will attract social attention and be welcomed by the public, just like "environmental protection project" and "ecological agriculture project". In my opinion, when the comprehensive security concept is established and the social security service guarantee system is formed, the security industry with China characteristics will enter the advanced ranks in the world.