Second, the history of locust plague in China China has been a country with frequent locust plagues since ancient times, and the scope and degree of disasters are the highest in the world. Therefore, the study of locust plague and locust control in China in past dynasties has become one of the topics concerned by ancient and modern scholars. As early as the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many far-reaching agricultural books on locust control, which had a preliminary scientific understanding and summary in locust habits, locust plague occurrence law and locust control technology. For example, Xu Guangqi, a famous scientist in Ming Dynasty, got a correct understanding of the occurrence season and breeding ground of ancient locust plague through the statistics and analysis of the locust plague before Ming Dynasty, which became an outstanding achievement in the study of ancient locust plague in China. After entering the 20th century, with the development of national economic construction, scholars of different professions in past dynasties devoted themselves to the study of locust plague and locust control in China, and made many remarkable achievements. Especially in the 1990s, in response to the "Decade of Disaster Reduction" proposed by the United Nations, the academic circles set off an upsurge of studying the science and history of disasters in China, and the study of the history of locust disasters became one of the hot spots, with many articles and treatises appearing. According to the author's preliminary statistics, more than one monograph 100 has been published since the 20th century, including more than 30 works on locust history. Throughout the research process in the past hundred years, there are three stages of development: from the early 20th century to the late 40s; 50 s to 70 s; Since the 1980s.
Research status from the beginning of 20th century to the end of 1940s.
At the beginning of the 20th century, with the introduction of modern western science, some scholars who returned from studying in the West, such as Wu Fuzhen, Zou, classified and distributed modern locusts, observed their life history and habits, predicted and prevented migratory locusts, and extended their research tentacles to historical materials of locusts in order to have a deeper understanding of the occurrence of locust disasters. Among them, the representative research results are: Records of Locust Disaster in China Literature (written in 1928 and published in English in 1938), Ancient Locust Catching Law by Li (Insect and Plant Diseases, Volume 1), and Relationship between Drought and Locust Disaster in Jiangsu in Qing Dynasty. At the same time, some historians began to count the plague of locusts in their works. For example, The History of Famine in China (written by Deng Yunte, Commercial Press, 1937), regarded as the pioneering work of the history of famine in China, makes statistics on the number and frequency of natural disasters in China, including locust plague. Chen's List of Natural and Man-made Disasters in Past Dynasties in China (one of the series of National Jinan University, 1939) recorded 257 locust plagues. Among them, the number of locust plagues planned by Deng Jia is mostly quoted by later generations.
Research status in 1950s and 1970s.
The real research on the history of locusts began in the 1950s. The background is that large-scale chemical control of locusts is in full swing in China. In order to understand the occurrence law of locust plague more comprehensively, many scholars at that time sorted out and analyzed the historical data of locust plague. Cao Ji's Record Analysis of Locust Disasters in Past Dynasties (China Agricultural Research 1950, Vol. 1No.) discusses Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui from 200 BC to 1 901year. Using the methods of quantitative statistics and comparative analysis, various relationship curves are drawn. This is an early attempt to use natural science methods to count ancient disasters, and it is also a method that researchers used more later. Guo Ke's Research Achievements of Ancient Locusts in China (Journal of Entomology, Vol.5, No.2, 1955) analyzed the achievements of ancient locust control in China. The article "Preliminary Arrangement of Historical Records of Locust Disasters in Anhui Province" (Anhui Historical Newsletter No.2, 1959) compiled by the Natural Disaster Collection Section of Anhui Provincial Institute of Literature and History is an analysis of the records of locust disasters in the Statistical Table of Natural Disasters in Anhui Province in the Past Millennium. It is considered that the occurrence of locust disasters in this area is continuous and extensive, and there is a certain correlation between locust disasters and drought. In addition, Bai Qin's Records of Catching Locusts in Past Dynasties (Anhui Daily 196 1 August 17) and Zhao Yin's Another Contribution of Chen Zhenlong to Agriculture (Fujian Daily1961) are introduced.
3. What are the major locust plagues in history? 200 1, about 26 in Boer, Staro, Russia.
70,000 hectares of grassland and cultivated land were invaded by locusts. In 2003, many states in the western United States suffered from locusts, and the disaster in Idaho was the worst since the Second World War.
From June 5438 to1October 065438, 2004, Israel suffered a serious locust plague, and millions of locusts covered the sky, not only eating up the whole farmland, but even eating up the green lawn beside the road. In China, there has been a saying of "dry locust" since ancient times. The plague of locusts is often accompanied by drought, which is recorded in many historical books.
According to the statistics of China's disaster relief history, the average locust plague occurred every 8 times in Qin and Han Dynasties. Once every eight years, in the Song Dynasty, it was 3.
5 years, the Yuan Dynasty was 1. 6 years, Ming and Qing dynasties is 2.
In the past eight years, the scope and degree of disasters have been the highest in the world. Besides locusts, there are four pests (rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, Chilo suppressalis and armyworm), five diseases (rice sheath blight, rice sheath blight, rice false smut and virus disease) and two pests (farmland rodents and weeds).
They are all farmland killers. Helicoverpa armigera will damage cotton buds, stripe rust will destroy wheat ears, and apple moth will eat into the core, and the following diseases and insect pests will start from crop seedlings and threaten their growth, so farmers have to be busy for a good harvest of food.
We should cherish food, which is hard to come by.
Fourth, what kind of life course have locusts experienced? The development process of locusts is more complicated (pictured). Its life begins with a fertilized egg. The larvae just hatched from eggs have no wings and can jump, which is called jumping insects. The morphology and living habits of this flea are similar to those of adults, but its size is small and its reproductive organs are immature. This insect is also called "nymph". If an insect grows up gradually, it will shed its original exoskeleton when it is restricted by the exoskeleton and can no longer grow up. This is called molting. Nymphs molt five times in their lives. From hatching to molting for the first time, the age is 1, and every molting thereafter, the age increases 1. After the 3rd instar, the wing buds are remarkable. Become a flying adult after 5 years old. It can be seen that the individual development process of locusts goes through three stages: egg, nymph and adult. A developmental process like this is called incomplete metamorphosis. When an insect develops from a fertilized egg to an adult, it can produce the whole individual development history of its offspring, which is called the first generation. Locusts can produce two generations of summer locusts and autumn locusts a year in some parts of China, so there are two generations.
At about 24℃, locust eggs can hatch in about 2 1 day. The hatched nymph crawls out of the soil. At this time, its appearance is very similar to that of adults, except that it has no wings and its body color is lighter. Larvae looks more like adults in the first year or two, but the head is out of proportion to the body. Winged buds grow at the third age, which is obvious at the fourth age. When the nymph is five years old, it will climb to the plant and hang for a while, and then the adult will come out.
See for yourself://baike.baidu/view/41292. fr=ala0
5. The status of locust plague in human history is a worldwide topic. In human history, locust plague and flood and drought disasters often occur alternately, and they are called the three major natural disasters of human beings, which have seriously affected people's production, life and even survival.
Locust disaster is a worldwide agricultural biological disaster. Nearly1000 countries or regions in the world are threatened by locusts to varying degrees, covering an area of more than 40 million square kilometers. The economic loss and great influence caused by locust plague mainly affect the natural ecosystem and socio-economic system.
China has been a country with frequent locusts since ancient times, and the scope and extent of disasters are the highest in the world. Among the more than 654.38+100000 species of locusts known in the world, there are more than 600 species in China.
The typical locust plague in Israel broke out on June165438+1October 2 1 day, 2004. On this day, millions of locusts flocked to Eilat, Israel, destroying a large number of crops and flowers in the city. Israel used airplanes to spray pesticides to kill locusts.
According to Reuters, this is the first time in 45 years that Israel has suffered such a serious locust plague. Local residents said that swarms of locusts covered the sky, eating not only palm leaves, but also all the flowers in the whole garden. They eat everything, even the green grass on the roadside.