First, the examination of argumentative writing style reading ability
1. Distinguish, judge, extract and summarize arguments. The argument of an argumentative paper is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. The central argument is the soul of the full text and plays a leading role. An argumentative paper generally has only one central argument, and some argumentative papers also put forward several sub-arguments around the center to supplement and prove the central argument. The position of the central argument depends first on the topic, and it is necessary to distinguish between the topic and the argument. Some argumentative papers have a central argument at the beginning, some in the middle and some at the end. Others don't pay much attention to arguments and need readers to summarize themselves. The examination questions of argumentative essays are both multiple-choice questions and subjective questions. For example, in 2005, the first question of reading the argumentative essay of Wenzhou senior high school entrance examination "How good the grass is, how thin the horse is" is the choice of the central argument. For example, in 2005, Taizhou argumentative essay read the first question of "School Education for the Living": "What is the author's view on school education? Please summarize it briefly. " The point to be answered here is the central point of the article, but the central point of this article is not directly explained. It is necessary to summarize after reviewing the full text: "School education should not only impart knowledge, but also cultivate students' good quality, good psychological quality, independent thinking spirit and creative ability. "
4. Understanding, analysis and supplementary writing of argument types. Argument is the material to prove the argument. It is dominated by and serves the argument. There are two kinds of commonly used arguments: factual arguments and rational arguments. Factual arguments include representative facts and historical facts, and rational arguments refer to correct theories that have been tested by people's practice and recognized by society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theories, natural science principles, theorems, formulas, proverbs, aphorisms and so on. The examination questions of argumentative essays are both objective and subjective, with subjective fill-in-the-blank as the main task. For example, in 2005, the third multiple-choice question of the argumentative essay for the senior high school entrance examination in Linyi City: "Please write a theoretical argument for the horizontal line of the second paragraph of this article, so that the article can be more fully demonstrated and the context can be more smoothly connected." This is a supplement to the type of argument. Another example is the third question selected from the article "Success is a Feeling" in the senior high school entrance examination in Yantai City in 2005: Among the following famous sayings, the one that cannot be used as the argument of this article is ().
A, you've worked hard. You've tried your best. Even if you can't pick attractive golden apples, you can still win people's respect and enjoy the happiness of life.
B, the key to success is not the successful outcome, but the process of unremitting pursuit.
C, every choice, every departure, ... every result is a life experience and a song that can be sung.
D. A soldier who doesn't want to be a marshal is not a good soldier.
This is a comprehensive problem of understanding, analyzing and supplementing the types of arguments. Obviously, item D cannot be used as a reasonable argument in the selected text, because it can only prove the central argument about ideals and ambitions.
3. Identification and understanding of demonstration methods. Argumentative writing is the process of proving arguments with arguments, and it is the link between arguments and arguments. Common argumentation methods include: example argumentation, truth argumentation, comparative argumentation, metaphor argumentation and reduction to absurdity. These methods are often used comprehensively in articles. For example, in the senior high school entrance examination in Gansu Province in 2004, one of the multiple-choice questions "Reading and Being a Man" is the choice and judgment of the two main argumentation methods of the article. Another example is the second question of "Human Value" in Jinhua senior high school entrance examination in 2005: "What demonstration method is mainly used in the second paragraph?" This is a subjective question that directly examines the demonstration method. You need to study the second paragraph carefully before giving an answer. Another example is the third question in the selected article "Adding a Meaning to Life" in Huanggang City in 2005: "What is the function of the examples listed at the end of the article?" This question actually examines the role of case argumentation.
4. Understanding of the presentation structure. While grasping the arguments, arguments and arguments of argumentative writing, we should also pay attention to how the article combines these elements, which is to understand the structure of the article. Generally speaking, the most basic structure of an argumentative essay is to ask questions (introduction)-analyze questions (thesis)-solve problems (conclusion). It can be divided into two categories: one is to discuss the structure layer by layer, which is called "vertical"; The first is the parallel development of discourse structure, which is called "horizontal body". Various other structures are derived from these two structures. For example, it is mainly "horizontal" and has "general theory-sub-theory-general theory" style. First put forward the argument, then expound it from several aspects, and finally summarize it; There is a "general theory-sub-theory" type, which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects; There is a kind of "divided theory-general theory" formula, which analyzes the problems to be discussed in several aspects and then summarizes the conclusions. Another example is the "vertical" type, that is, the "layer by layer" type. Put forward the argument first, then go deeper step by step and explain it layer by layer. The examination of the argumentative essay structure in senior high school entrance examination is mainly the division of the full-text structure and the hierarchy of key paragraphs. The division of structural levels should start with the content of the article, see how it puts forward arguments and demonstrates them, and pay attention to key words such as transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following. For example, in the 2004 Suzhou senior high school entrance examination "Marshal and Soldier", there is a question: "This passage contains seven sentences, please divide it into three layers, and indicate it with" ∨ "between the following periods."
5. Experience the language style of argumentative writing. The language of argumentative writing is rather general, and abstract words are often used to express rich content. The language of argumentative writing is still very rigorous and thoughtful, and it is often impeccable. When reading argumentative essays, we should grasp the key words in these key sentences and ponder over them repeatedly. A good argumentative essay can not only convince people with reason, but also affect people with emotion, and has a strong emotional color. Words are full of emotions and hit the floor. Appreciate this language carefully, and the author's views and opinions will be deeply left in our minds. Please look at an argumentative language analysis problem in Xianning City in 2004:
Books will improve people: from barbarism to civilization, from vulgarity to sublimity. Gorky once said: "Every book is a small ladder, and I climb it, from animals to humans, to a more ideal situation, to the road of life."
Q: What is the meaning and function of the word "beast" in the text?
To accurately say the meaning of "beast", we must understand the meaning of the whole paragraph and combine the author's reasoning ideas. The central meaning of the example is that the function of the instruction is to improve people. To be more specific, it is to make people "from barbarism to civilization, from vulgarity to sublimity". "Civilization" and "sublime" are the attributes that distinguish human beings from animals. Conversely, the word "beast" here means "barbarism" and "vulgarity", which vividly illustrates the role of books.
When students taste the meaning of words, they often stay at the shallow level of general understanding, which leads to incomplete or superficial understanding of the meaning of words. In argumentative reading, we should pay attention to the following five aspects of words: ① words that reflect the author's views; ② Words expressing the theme of the article; ③ Words that reflect deep meanings; ④ Words that reflect the specific language environment; ⑤ Words that play a reference role in the structure of the article.