First, the inference lacks accuracy.
The inaccuracy of deduction is mainly manifested in changing the subject, stealing concepts and confusing concepts.
1. Change the subject
Thesis is the starting point of argumentative writing. Candidates should run through the whole text in their writing, and there should be no side leakage. Some candidates digress from the beginning.
In recent years, some popular words are impressive. Such as: A Zhong in 20 19, garbage classification, hard core, etc. , retrograde, cloud director, whisper in 2020, 202 1 equal rights with me, carbon neutrality, etc. Look at the buzzwords in recent years, which associations and thoughts have caused you?
Some candidates wrote:
It's fleeting One thousand years, China has gone through five thousand years. From the Three Emperors and Five Emperors to the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan, the times are developing at a high speed, and the forward development also follows the trend of peers.
Tide can drive development and is the star of the progress of the times. Tide has the characteristics of group and guidance, which can trigger large-scale directional movement. During the industrial revolution, the use of industrial machinery became the trend, and Britain and the United States followed the trend and became the world hegemon; On the contrary, for example, the Qing dynasty closed its doors and refused to go with the flow, and was finally bullied.
Trends can influence social atmosphere. The trend has a strong tendency, which causes people to imitate it. ...
The topic asks to talk about the thinking caused by "buzzwords in recent years", that is, to compare and analyze the deep social problems contained in buzzwords from their development. Candidates don't mention "buzzwords", start a new stove, and talk about the understanding of "trends" in general, which is beside the point.
Another situation is that the central argument conforms to the meaning of the question, but it is gradually drifting away from the central argument in the writing process. For example:
Dare to challenge common sense requires unremitting efforts. There is a common sense in agricultural science that wild rice cannot be hybridized to produce high-quality rice. But a cultivator who dares to challenge common sense makes unremitting efforts to make this common sense innovative. He is a real cultivator. When he was a rural teacher, he had the courage to subvert world authority and common sense; When he became famous in the world, he continued to focus on Tian Chou. He is the father of hybrid rice-Yuan Longping. Because of his unremitting efforts, the common sense of this hybrid rice has been innovated in his hands; Because of his unremitting efforts, he filled the rice bags of the whole country.
The first sentence of this passage is an argument, and the middle part describes Yuan Longping's example of "challenging common sense" and proves the argument. The last sentence is about the relationship between giving and bringing forth the new and ordinary people's rice bags, which is not consistent with the "relationship between challenging common sense and unremitting giving" emphasized in the argument.
2. Stealing the concept
Whether it's viewpoints and topics, viewpoints and materials, or the process of analyzing materials, the key concepts should be consistent with the topics, and we can't talk about this for a while and that for a while. For example:
Where there is a will, there is a way. Fan Zhongyan studied hard when he was young. Although his life is hard, sometimes he can only eat gruel twice a day. However, he made a great wish of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later". He worked hard and eventually became a generation of famous ministers, and his name went down in history. Roosevelt made his mark in politics, but he was paralyzed by polio at the age of 39. But he was physically disabled and determined, and was elected president of the United States. Didn't his success stem from his tenacious will? "People who made great achievements in ancient times were not only talented, but also determined to persevere." Please remember: ambitious people will succeed in doing things.
In the opinion sentence "Where there is a will, there is a way", "ambition" means "ambition" and "ambition" means "will", and Roosevelt's example of "disability and perseverance" also emphasizes "will", which shows that the materials are inconsistent with the connotation of "ambition" in the opinion.
3. Confuse concepts
For rich concepts, especially important concepts related to the topic, candidates should keep clear and clear in their writing, and explain them consistently. For example:
When Pele scored the thousandth goal, the reporter asked him which ball was the best, and he replied "Next". After the writer Wang Meng became famous, someone asked him which novel he wrote best, and he replied "the next one". One of the important reasons why they can achieve excellent results is that they keep making progress and striving.
Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai were also dissatisfied with the status quo when they were young, so they devoted themselves to the revolutionary struggle with the ambition of transforming the old China and the old society.
In the first paragraph, "dissatisfied with the status quo" means unwilling to be dissatisfied with the level achieved or the achievements achieved; The "dissatisfaction with the status quo" in the second paragraph is hatred of the dark social reality at that time. The concept of "dissatisfaction with the status quo" mentioned in the first two paragraphs is inconsistent.
Second, the analysis lacks strength.
Argumentative reasoning convinces people, relying on reasoning, which must be analyzed and expounded. In argumentative writing, some candidates often put their own views first, and then look for materials consistent with their own views. They think that as long as there are many factual arguments, the article will be convincing, so they form the writing habit of "discussing with examples" and "accumulating materials", such as:
Not only at home, but also abroad, we can see many seemingly unexpected examples that are actually reasonable. Marx was still writing Das Kapital when he was down and out. Madame Curie became the only female scientist in the world who won two Nobel Prizes. Newton discovered the law of conservation and transformation of energy; Bohr founded a world-class school of quantum physics; Bell invented the telephone ... these unexpected achievements are inseparable from the scientific spirit of being brave in questioning and innovation, and from their unremitting efforts.
This passage is a typical "celebrity meeting". Many examples are cited, but there is no analysis of why "these unexpected achievements" can not be separated from the spirit of "dare to question, dare to innovate and make unremitting efforts" and can not prove the view that "seemingly unexpected, but actually reasonable"
"Excellent argumentative essays are based not only on reliable evidence, but also on the analysis of proving arguments with evidence." (Ye Liming's New Theory on Writing Teaching Content) Arguments are used for analysis. Only through analysis and revealing the internal relationship between materials and arguments can arguments be effectively proved and convincing; Otherwise, the argument itself, no matter how rich and true, is just one or some unconvincing materials. Therefore, argumentative writing needs to demonstrate views rather than prove them, otherwise the articles written will be regarded as "proof" at most, not argumentative writing.
Third, lack of ideological height.
Lack of ideological height mainly means that the idea of the article is superficial and has been proved a lot, but it just stays on the surface of things or slides from one surface to another. For example:
For me, I will choose not to remove any traces of growth.
..... I won't erase those moments of success and failure from my memory. Recalling my success makes me proud. Everyone's life needs self-affirmation, which brings optimism and courage to continue fighting for their dreams despite difficulties. Failure is the mother of success. Similarly, everyone needs to learn from certain moments in life in order to make future life smoother. ...
Similarly, for a nation and a country, it is necessary to keep traces of growth. ...
The "three-stage" argument from "individual" to "enterprise" and then to "nation and country" is not uncommon in candidates' argumentative essays. The ancients said, "The articles of the ages have a high meaning." Thought is the soul of composition. The height of thought is the height of writing. As Danzel Yu said in "Argumentative Writing in Senior High School: Reviewing Materials and Expanding Ideas", "Argumentative Writing" is to explain various reasons of a problem, analyze various possibilities of the problem, and tell the reasons for choosing a certain judgment among various reasons and possibilities. This means that the discussion should distinguish between various reasons and possibilities, and it is difficult to form a convincing argumentative paper without distinction. "
Deduction is not accurate enough, analysis is not strong enough, and thinking is not high enough, which are the main problems that candidates can't get high marks in argumentative writing. They directly affect the persuasiveness of argumentative papers. To overcome these problems, candidates have to work hard, read more books, think more and revise more, and fundamentally master the ideas and methods of argumentative writing.