Keywords: logistics evaluation of agricultural products logistics
I. Background
At present, a prominent problem in China's agricultural development is the low marketization level of agricultural products and the high circulation cost, and farmers have not enjoyed the due comparative benefits from the circulation field. Because agricultural products ultimately depend on the circulation field to realize their value, establishing a modern agricultural product circulation system has become the key to improve farmers' income and promote the development of the whole agriculture.
The establishment of modern agricultural products circulation system must rely on modern agricultural products logistics. Modern logistics has become the "third profit source" besides reducing material consumption and improving labor productivity. At present, China's logistics industry has gradually entered a stage of rapid development. However, due to the relative backwardness of China's agricultural development, the development of agricultural products logistics is seriously lagging behind, which not only greatly weakens the market competitiveness of China's agricultural products, but also becomes the bottleneck of China's entire circulation system. The annual output of fruit in China is about 70 million tons. Due to the low degree of organization of listing, uneven packaging and most of them are transported by open cars, the loss of fruits from harvesting, transportation to selling to consumers is about 30%. The annual loss of fresh fruits and vegetables in Guangdong is 750 million yuan. According to statistics, the loss rate of agricultural and sideline products such as fruits and vegetables in China is about 25-30%, and more than 1/4 of agricultural products are consumed in logistics, while the loss rate of fruits and vegetables in developed countries is controlled below 5%, and that of fruits and vegetables in the United States is only 1-2%.
China is a big agricultural country, and the logistics of agricultural products plays an important role in the development of national economy. Therefore, by studying the logistics of agricultural products and gradually establishing a modern agricultural product circulation system, the contradiction between regional blockade and commodity smoothness, the contradiction between agricultural product structure and market demand will be effectively solved, and the circulation speed and efficiency of agricultural products in China will be improved, thus greatly improving the international competitiveness of agricultural products in China and laying a solid foundation for fundamentally solving the "three rural issues".
Second, the domestic and foreign logistics research summary
1, the rise of logistics fever
According to relevant records, the rudiment of the concept of logistics first appeared in the early 20th century. 19 18, Lord Liveliham of the United Kingdom established Instant Delivery Company Limited, which aims to deliver goods to wholesalers, retailers and users all over the country in time, and is known as "the early documentary record of logistics activities". 1927, R.Borsodid defined logistics for the first time in his book Distribution Times. In 1935, the American Marketing Association defines logistics as: "Logistics is the material information and services contained in sales, as well as various activities that accompany the flow from the place of production to the place of consumption". During World War II, the United States adopted the term wartime supply logistics management for the first time to comprehensively manage the transportation and supply of arms. This logistics management method has been introduced into the commercial field, and it is called commercial logistics, which is defined as "including the circulation of raw materials, product distribution, transportation, procurement and inventory control, warehousing, customer service and other business activities", and its fields include raw material logistics, production logistics and sales logistics. The above history is generally regarded as the early stage of logistics by the logistics industry.
From 1950s to 1970s, people mainly studied the logistics activities related to commodity sales, so the word logistics was still widely used, which was called "circulation technology" in Japan and later "circulation of goods". 1986, American Logistics Management Association (CLM) changed logistics to logistics. CLM defines logistics as "to plan, implement and control the circulation and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products and their related information from industrial sites to consumer sites in order to achieve high efficiency and maximum' relative cost effect'". Logistics has broken through the scope of commodity circulation and extended logistics activities to the production field. Logistics has not only started from the factory, but also includes the whole physical circulation process from raw material procurement, processing and production to product sales, after-sales service and recycling of waste materials. Logistics has a close relationship not only with the circulation system, but also with the production system. In this way, logistics, business flow and production can be linked to produce higher efficiency and benefit.
In 1998, the American Logistics Management Association made the latest adjustment to the concept of logistics, that is, logistics is a part of supply chain planning, and its key point is to plan, implement and control the effective circulation and storage of goods, services and related information from the starting point to the consumption point to meet customer needs.
The study of logistics in China begins with the material system, but because of the vague concept of logistics itself, many people confuse logistics with material circulation. In recent years, many scholars have a deep understanding of this after studying western logistics, and have formed a relatively consistent definition at present: "Logistics is the physical flow process of goods from suppliers to receivers. According to actual needs, the basic functions such as transportation, storage, custody, packaging, loading and unloading, distribution and processing, distribution and information processing are organically combined. "
Therefore, the concept of logistics develops with the development of the world economy, and the concept of modern logistics develops in globalization, informationization and integration. With the adjustment of global economic structure and the role of multinational enterprises, the world economy, driven by developed countries, has entered an era of diversified consumption, flexible production and efficient circulation. Due to the development of socialized mass production and the deepening of specialized division of labor, modern logistics has emerged in the form of professional logistics service enterprises such as third-party logistics and fourth-party logistics. With the support of computer and network technology, the scale and scope of logistics activities are constantly expanding, and logistics enterprises are developing in the direction of intensification and synergy.
Logistics is of great significance in economic development. Peter drucker, a famous American business scientist, compared logistics to "an uncultivated virgin land". Douqlas M.Lambert pointed out that in the whole logistics activities, the cost on hand is the biggest part. In the book "Circulation Cost" written by Waseda University professor Nishizawa Xiu, perfecting the logistics system is called the "third profit source" to be tapped. In his book "Logistics War in Major Societies", he stated: "The current logistics cost is like an iceberg, most of which is under the sea, so it can be seen that the cost is only a small part exposed on the sea." . Jian Jiang believes that the modern logistics industry is a new economic growth point in China and a source of strength to stimulate economic growth. It will play a new role in stimulating and supporting China's national economic growth, promoting and coordinating the development of related industries in China, and play a key role in solving the difficult problems in China's economic development.
Since 200 1, logistics has risen in China, and many scientific research institutes and enterprises have actively carried out research on logistics. Li Xuewei and others have studied the logistics characteristics of logistics, and think that the characteristics of logistics are: the nature of service industry, the characteristics of integration, and the inseparability with production and operation. Jiang Dali and others have studied the characteristics, policies and regulations, operation mode and development strategy of China's 16 industry logistics management, trying to apply logistics management theory and combine the practice of industry-specific logistics management to explore the development trend of industry-specific logistics and study the industry logistics management scheme. From the perspective of market supply and demand, Du Muheng analyzed the basic characteristics and development trend of modern logistics with economic theories such as demand view, transaction cost and search cost. Based on the wealth view of economics, this paper expounds the basic driving factors to promote the development of modern logistics, and then probes into the reform of modern logistics format and logistics management mode. After fully studying the development of modern logistics in the United States, Japan, Europe and other countries, Chen Qingtai thinks that the current modern logistics mainly has the following trends: 1. The rapid development of logistics technology and the continuous improvement of logistics management level are mainly reflected in informationization, automation, integration and intelligence; 2. The scale of professional logistics is formed, * * * is mainly based on distribution; 3. Logistics enterprises are developing in the direction of intensification, synergy and globalization; 4. The demand for electronic logistics is strong, and the express delivery industry is "in the forefront"; 5. Green logistics will become a new growth point; 6. The demand for logistics professionals is increasing, and the education and training system is becoming more and more perfect.
2. Summary of main logistics theories.
① Enterprise Logistics Research
At present, there are many researches on enterprise logistics theory, including supply logistics, production logistics and sales logistics. At the same time, self-operated logistics, professional subsidiary logistics, third-party logistics and fourth-party logistics are carried out around the logistics subject. Among many logistics management theories, the research of lean logistics is in the ascendant. Tian Yu and Zhu Daoli comprehensively introduced lean logistics, a brand-new logistics management trend, from the perspectives of historical background, connotation and methods. The core of lean thinking is to create as much value as possible with less investment, less manpower, less equipment, shorter time and smaller space; At the same time, it is getting closer to users and providing what users really want.
② regional logistics research
In recent years, in areas with rapid regional economic development in China, government departments have realized the strategic significance of developing modern logistics for optimizing economic structure, improving investment environment and improving the overall competitiveness of regional economy, and have begun to study and formulate relevant logistics plans and policies. For example, Beijing has completed the "Beijing Integrated Logistics System Planning Research"; As the national economic center, trade center, financial center and shipping center, Shanghai listed modern logistics, biomedicine, new materials and environmental protection as four emerging industries in the report of the Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development in Shanghai, and compiled the Development Plan of Modern Logistics in Shanghai. Shenzhen attaches equal importance to modern logistics, high technology and finance, and regards it as one of the three pillar industries of cross-century economic development goals, and entrusts Ge Lan Company of the United States to do a consulting report on "Shenzhen Modern Logistics Development Strategy and Traffic-related Policies Research".
Relevant experts believe that although the theoretical research and practice of regional logistics management in China have started, there are still many misunderstandings in the development of regional logistics in China due to the relative lag of logistics theoretical research. It is pointed out that in the primary stage of the development of China's logistics industry, in order to promote the healthy development of regional logistics and logistics industry, we should further clarify the concept system of regional logistics, analyze and understand regional logistics from multiple angles, deeply study the growth mechanism of regional logistics, and increase the content of regional logistics policy research. Mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Miao Qing, Bai Ling and Qu Pengfei believe that the development of modern logistics industry is of great significance to regional economic development, industrial economic restructuring and fostering a new round of economic growth points. They put forward that according to the concept of growth pole of Peru's "economic space", modern logistics belongs to the promoting economic sector, and China's modern logistics should be established in line with the regional growth model, and they believe that industrial clusters are conducive to the development of modern logistics.
Li Qunfeng (Tongji University, 2002) studied the conceptual design of urban logistics system and the role of government in it. Firstly, based on a special case and location theory, this paper introduces the analysis method of the realistic foundation on which the logistics system depends, and on this basis, makes a preliminary target positioning for the logistics system. Then, under the guidance of system engineering, the concept design of logistics system is carried out from five aspects: logistics system mode, logistics demand analysis, functional design, structural design and operation mechanism analysis. Next, the role of the government in the logistics system is analyzed and demonstrated. First of all, it demonstrates the basic view that the government, especially local governments, should play an important role in logistics system planning. Then, the specific role of the government in the planning and construction of logistics system is clarified from five aspects: coordination of management institutions, infrastructure construction, establishment of market system, formulation of industrial policies and government enterprise strategy. Finally, the great role of logistics system planning in social and economic life is expounded from both macro and micro aspects, and the reasons why cities plan logistics systems in succession at present are summarized.
The research on the contribution of modern logistics industry to the economic growth of central cities takes the influencing factors of economic growth as the breakthrough point, and takes the "four-level analysis method of influencing factors of economic growth" as the theoretical tool to explore the specific contribution of modern logistics industry to the four-level influencing factors of economic growth of central cities, and then clarify the specific contribution model of modern logistics industry to the influencing factors of economic growth of central cities. On this basis, the model is introduced to form the cumulative process model of economic growth in which central cities integrate into modern logistics.
③ Research on environmental protection logistics, green logistics and reverse logistics.
Zhang Nian analyzed the three theoretical bases of green logistics, and put forward various measures to implement green logistics management from the perspective of government and enterprises. Gao and Wei Jigang analyzed the development of green logistics abroad and the gap in China. Chen Liuqin introduced that the emergence of green logistics has its realistic background and theoretical basis, and thinks that it is imperative to develop green logistics in China. The government should play its leading and guiding role, create a macro environment to encourage green logistics, enterprises should attach importance to environmental protection in all aspects of enterprise logistics and form green logistics, and consumers should advocate green consumption and support green logistics.
Wang Changqiong, Department of Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, introduced the concept of reverse logistics, analyzed the relationship between reverse logistics and environmental protection, and the development of foreign countries. This paper analyzes the economic value of reverse logistics from aspects of reducing raw material cost, improving service value and improving environmental performance. Finally, the basic strategies of reverse logistics management are discussed.
Green logistics and environmental protection logistics are basically the same in theoretical basis and content, mainly to meet the requirements of people to reduce pollution, protect the environment and realize sustainable development. From the connotation of reverse logistics, one of its goals is to correctly dispose of the final waste products or packaging wastes, so the first two are closely related, but reverse logistics is not only an environmental protection strategy, but also an enterprise strategy that saves resources, reduces pollution and can produce obvious economic benefits for enterprises.
④ Research on logistics transaction mode and e-commerce logistics.
Li Xuewei, Zeng Jianping, Lu Bo and others have studied the transaction essence of logistics and the theory of transaction mode selection from the perspective of transaction cost economics. Tian analyzed the basic types of foreign logistics service providers, the contents and methods of logistics services, and the establishment and management of logistics service relationships.
Second, the research status of agricultural products logistics at home and abroad
At present, agricultural products logistics and agricultural logistics are often confused, and some experts try to define them. It is generally believed that agricultural logistics refers to the material flow from the purchase of agricultural means of production and the organization of agricultural production to the processing, storage, transportation and distribution of agricultural products, from the place of production to the place of consumption, and from the producer to the consumer. Agricultural logistics refers to the physical economic activities that transfer agricultural products and related information from producers to consumers in order to meet the needs of users and realize the value of agricultural products. Specifically, it includes a series of links such as agricultural production, acquisition, transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, distribution, distribution processing, distribution and information activities. And realize the value-added and organizational goals of agricultural products in this process. The classification of agricultural products logistics is mainly divided into supply logistics, production logistics, sales logistics and waste logistics according to the industrial chain, and it is also divided into food crop logistics, cash crop logistics, animal products logistics, aquatic products logistics, forest products logistics and other agricultural products logistics according to crop varieties. Therefore, conceptually, agricultural product logistics is an important part of agricultural logistics.
According to the data of Guangdong Agricultural Resources Network, the circulation market size of agricultural resources market in China is 654.38+50 million yuan. Therefore, how to develop agricultural products logistics has become the core of most scholars' concern. Arlo Biere thinks that agricultural trade logistics is an independent course in agricultural trade course, and the importance of logistics and supply chain management makes it very important, so he designed a teaching syllabus for this purpose. At the same time, from the perspective of agricultural industrial logistics management, Jiang vigorously proposed that agricultural industrial logistics management should be carried out through agricultural chain management and distribution management, agricultural industrialization management and agricultural product logistics management. And put forward four modes of agricultural logistics operation in China: chain operation mode of agricultural enterprises, order agriculture mode, industrialized production mode and agricultural product wholesale mode. Zhao Liming and Xu Qingqing designed the regional agricultural logistics system in China, set the function of regional modern logistics information platform, and further studied the industrial chain structure of large agricultural logistics. Wang Xinli studied the relationship between agricultural logistics and agricultural industrialization, and thought that one of the important reasons for the slow development of agricultural industrialization in China was the neglect of the role of rural logistics in the process of agricultural industrialization, and the rural logistics system in China was backward. Fu and Yi Xiuqin believe that agricultural industrialization calls for the logistics industry to penetrate into rural areas and accelerate the development of rural logistics.
Regarding agricultural product logistics, Ding Junfa, executive vice president of China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, believes that developing agricultural product logistics can not only make any product produced by farmers realize its value and use value, but also increase the value of agricultural products in the logistics process, reduce the cost of agricultural product production and circulation, and improve the overall efficiency of agricultural production. At the same time, he believes that China's agricultural product logistics has the characteristics of large quantity, variety, great difficulty and high requirements for agricultural product logistics. We should pay full attention to the value-added logistics of agricultural products processing, cultivate farmers' logistics subjects, and build rural and urban logistics carriers. Jing Wong believes that developing agricultural product logistics is the way to realize agricultural modernization, and the particularity of agricultural product production and circulation determines that agricultural products need modern logistics.
Li He believes that the marketing of agricultural products needs to introduce modern logistics concepts. The marketing of agricultural products is not a simple summary of production, primary processing, storage, warehousing and transportation, and it needs to be solved with the help of modern logistics and its supply chain ideas. Wang Xiajian of Nanjing Institute of Economics believes that China's accession to the WTO requires further liberalization of the domestic grain market and integration with the international grain market with trade liberalization as soon as possible; Accordingly, it is necessary to adjust the current grain industry policy and speed up the scientific construction of grain logistics; The key to scientific grain logistics is to use macro-control and market mechanism to optimize and adjust the grain economic structure, rationalize the rational flow of grain and improve the regional balance mechanism of grain production and marketing.
Allen McKinnon analyzed the transportation efficiency of British food supply chain. Yu Jusheng introduced the logistics and wholesale market of Japanese agricultural products. Taking Chengdu as an example, Qin Daihong and Liu Xue analyzed the problems existing in the current agricultural product logistics, and put forward the countermeasures to speed up the development of agricultural product logistics and improve agricultural competitiveness. Xia Wenhui studied the operation mode of agricultural products logistics under the e-commerce platform. Li of Huazhong Agricultural University studied the vertically integrated agricultural product logistics system with producers and middlemen.
Luo Qiyou and Tao Tao believe that in the medium and long term, China should gradually transition from the policy of "zero agricultural burden" to the policy of "active agricultural support", and finally build an efficient and standardized agricultural support policy system oriented to agricultural multi-functional overall planning and comprehensive and sustainable rural development, and list agricultural product logistics support policy, agricultural resource reserve support policy, agricultural production support policy and rural social support policy as four major policy systems. Xie pointed out that accelerating agricultural logistics needs to transform state-owned grain enterprises with modern enterprise system, cultivate agricultural logistics enterprises with various ownership systems, cultivate and build modern logistics enterprises, establish and upgrade regional agricultural cooperative organizations and circulation forms of agricultural products, and establish a food security system based on modern logistics and market-oriented operation.
Four. Evaluation of current research
1, logistics research in China is developing in depth. With the continuous improvement of enterprise management logistics theory and regional logistics, the research on environmental protection logistics, green logistics and reverse logistics has become the focus of logistics research, and logistics research has developed rapidly from theory to practice.
2. The research of agricultural products logistics is in the ascendant, which has attracted the attention of all parties. Due to the particularity of agricultural product logistics and the complexity of agricultural product logistics research, the theoretical and practical research of agricultural product logistics is relatively poor at present, and the current research is only scattered and needs to be further systematized. At present, the research on agricultural products logistics mainly focuses on the concept, nature and logistics system construction of agricultural products logistics, and has not been deepened from the perspective of logistics theory, which needs further research.
3. The relationship between agricultural product logistics and major agricultural development issues such as agricultural industrialization and grain circulation system reform needs further study.
4. How to use advanced logistics theory to study agricultural logistics is a hot spot. If it is combined with sustainable development, it is necessary to study agricultural environmental protection logistics and green logistics.
5. There are relatively few empirical studies on agricultural product logistics, and the cultivation of logistics subject, agricultural product supply logistics, sales logistics, production logistics, waste logistics and empirical analysis of logistics transaction mode all need in-depth study.