1. Plagiarism and misappropriation of others' academic achievements.

Two, do not participate in research or creation, but participate in research results, such as the signature of academic papers, improper use of other people's signatures without permission, or more than one person * * * to complete the research without explaining their work and contribution.

3. buying and selling, writing documents for or on behalf of others.

Fourth, distort the research results of others.

Five, providing false academic information in the process of reporting topics, achievements, awards and job evaluation.

6. Forgery of scientific data, materials, documents and notes, or falsification of research results.

Seven, other serious violations of recognized academic norms and academic integrity, as well as the provisions of relevant academic organizations or institutions of higher learning, are academic misconduct.

In the paper duplicate checking system, plagiarism and other behaviors can be effectively curbed, but the behaviors such as forging data, buying and selling papers and stealing papers are not within the scope of the paper duplicate checking system.

Academic fraud includes:

1, forged. Fabricating scientific research achievements, conclusions and products by various false means.

It is sometimes not easy to investigate and deal with academic fraud, and professionals and technical means are often needed to distinguish the authenticity of some experimental charts. The key point of appraisal is that small peer experts carefully examine the consistency between the original records of scientific experiments and published papers. Generally speaking, fraud cannot be determined just because the relevant tests are not repeatable.

2. tampering. Tampering is another form of forgery. It is to modify and change the existing scientific experiment data and charts to make them conform to their preset conclusions, and then seek improper benefits.

In fact, most frauds are achieved through tampering. Similar to "forgery", judging "tampering" behavior and looking at the original records of research are the main points of judgment. In addition, using professional electronic tools to review the revision process of electronic texts, especially chart data, can be used as an auxiliary means.

3, buying and selling and writing papers. It is an act of using entrustment to write or buy papers to seek illegitimate interests. Generally speaking, these papers are forged, false papers, and will not have any academic value.

At one time, the media disclosed that researchers (including students) paid off "gunmen" to write papers for them in order to obtain degrees and other academic honors. There are also medical staff who bought the "paper" produced by the "paper factory" for submission and publication because of the pressure of promotion.