Especially after the Long Hair Rebellion in Qing Dynasty, a number of ministers of Westernization emerged. They study and build advanced industrial equipment in Taixi, and send their children to study in powerful countries in Taixi, such as Yung Wing, Zhan Tianyou and Yan Fu. At the same time, we will purchase foreign advanced guns and strive to build national defense. Such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and Shen Baozhen. Finally, a modern navy "Beiyang Navy" was built.
Japan experienced the black ship incident and woke up. At that time, Emperor Meiji was very enlightened and tried to reform. The army employs German instructors and the navy employs British instructors. Economically, we rely on Britain to build industries at home and open up markets abroad.
At the same time, in the Qing dynasty, the ruler of the dynasty, Cixi, only coveted enjoyment. Beiyang Navy has not had a ship in service from the establishment of 1888 to 1894. The annual naval expenditure was diverted to renovate the Summer Palace, and it was finally burned under the Eight-Nation Alliance.
But after all, the details of the Qing dynasty are not as good as those of Japan. Japan is fully committed to the development of industry, army and navy. At that time, the Beiyang Navy was easily established in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the second ship of Dingzhen was in service, and Japan aimed to overthrow the second ship of Dingzhen.
The corruption of the rulers eventually led to the demise of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the phrase "Better be a friend than a slave" drained the blood of many Chinese sons and daughters. Japan, which made waves in Wanli, was a true portrayal of the rulers at that time.
After all, Japan is a small country, with a small territory and limited resources, and it relies entirely on British funding. The industries established at that time were as follows:
1. 1884, Jinling manufacturing bureau first manufactured a movable wheeled 37mm2 pound breech gun. The gun is recoil-type, with a perfect bolt, and the loading is simple and quick. The gun-making material is changed from bronze or cast iron to ordinary steel or manganese steel, which improves the strength of the gun barrel; The shell is also changed from spherical to long, and a belt is attached. These technical improvements have improved the firing rate and hit accuracy of the gun, which is much better than the previously produced front-mounted guns. After successful trial production, the gun was put into mass production. During the Sino-French War, this breech gun produced by Jinling Manufacturing Bureau played a great role.
2. 1863, the short-range blasting gun (front-loaded gun) produced by Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau, commonly known as frog gun, was called the sky gun by foreigners. It is characterized by short gun body, light weight, large shooting angle and small air resistance on the shell, so it has a long range. Due to the curved trajectory, it has a good effect on the target after hitting the bunker and the covered fortifications. Gun was the only advanced weapon in China at that time.
3. 1884, Jinling manufacturing bureau began to manufacture gatling recurrent machine guns (commonly known as ten rapid-fire guns) invented by Americans, 186 1 year. The caliber of the gun is 1 1mm, and the barrel has 12 rifling. Equipped with 6 to 10 gun barrel, which can rotate on a fixed central shaft and load and fire in sequence. 350 bullets can be fired continuously every minute, and the range can reach 2000 meters. In the Sino-French War, this kind of gun and breech gun produced by this bureau also played a great role.
Jinling Arsenal also made 24 Maxim heavy machine guns.
4. 1896 (in the 22nd year of Guangxu reign of Qing dynasty), Hubei gun factory copied and improved the German 88-type Mao Se rifle and named it Hanyang rifle, commonly known as Hanyang rifle.
1On September 6th, 890, Zhang Zhidong found the site under Dabie Mountain, which is 600 feet long and 100 foot wide, with Pillow Mountain in the south, Han Bin in the north and great rivers in the west, facing each other across the provincial capital. Just build a 9-foot foundation and add dams to prevent floods. That is to say, an iron factory, gun factory and gun factory were established in the local area. 1895 started small-scale production, and the reconstruction was completed in winter, and production began, copying the German-made 1888 Mao Se rifle. Because it is a German-made M 1888 rifle, it is designated as an 88 rifle, which is the so-called 7.92cm 88 Mao Se rifle. Use round warheads. At the same time, it can produce130,000 rounds a month.
1896 started production. In the first year, 1300 rifles were produced.
190 1 year produces 2500 rifles and 3 16 carbines. 53 rifle shooting. Xu successfully trial-produced cotton smokeless powder.
1On September 26th, 904, Zhang Zhidong requested that Hubei Gun Factory be renamed as Hubei Arsenal. At that time, 50 rifles could be produced every day. 12000 bullet.
1904 Hubei artillery factory improved type 88. The difference between the improved Type 88 rifle and the German M 1888 rifle is that there is a sleeve outside the German M 1888 barrel, commonly known as the old sleeve.
1907 the war department ordered all provinces to buy guns from Hubei arsenal. Except for special needs, do not purchase from abroad, all from Hanyang factory, and pay on time. 9000 rifles were produced that year.
Verb (abbreviation of verb)1On September 20th, 865, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang established Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai. This is the largest modern military enterprise run by the Westernization School of the Qing government. Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Shanghai Machinery Bureau and Shanghai Manufacturing Bureau. 1865, Li Hongzhang bought the American company Hongkou No.7 Machinery Works for 42,000 silver, and merged some machines of Suzhou Yangpao Bureau with those bought back from the United States by Zeng Guofan's Yung, thus establishing Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration. The establishment fund was more than 542,000 yuan, and it has been expanded repeatedly since then. The Qing government allocated 20% of Shanghai Customs tax revenue as perennial funds. Employ more than 2000 workers. /kloc-moved to gaochangmiao town in 0/867, expanded equipment and built machinery factory, gun tower, steam furnace (boiler) factory, foundry and shipbuilding factory. Covers an area of more than 70 acres. In the 1980s, shell factories, mining factories, steel mills, chestnut fire factories and smokeless powder factories were built successively. The bureau mainly produces guns and bullets, supplemented by shipbuilding, and has a translation hall and a mechanical school to train technicians and translate books related to military affairs and engineering, as well as a small number of books on history books and politics and law.
This modern military factory, founded by Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, is located in Shanghai Gaochang Temple and is an important arms production base in China in the late Qing Dynasty. As early as the rapid-fire gun came out, the technicians here were keenly aware of this new weapon. 1890 (16th year of Guangxu), Liu Qixiang, general manager of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, reported to Li Zongxi, governor of Liangjiang, requesting to copy a new type of artillery:
"... the guns used in western Thailand are full of originality and change with each passing day. Krupp factory in Germany has a new type of all-steel breech fast gun, which is the same as Amstrom factory in Britain. Compared with the usual gun position, it can be released four or five times at a time, which is extremely agile, so it can be used to place batteries and soldiers, and is called a sharp weapon. I have seen it before when I was abroad, so I discussed it with Huayang craftsmen repeatedly and suggested that the bureau try to copy it. The key components of this new breech gun are closely matched and there are many twists and turns. If you copy drawings out of thin air and try to build a model, you will be afraid of a thousand miles away. I'm going to buy a fast gun from abroad first, so that I can take it apart and copy it one by one, so that I can be sure ... ".
From this report, we can know that what Jiangnan Production Bureau requires to be copied is a rapid-fire gun, and each gun position can be put four or five times. The imitation method is to buy back a foreign rapid-fire gun, then take it apart one by one, copy all the parts one by one, and finally assemble these parts into a cannon. This is a feasible imitation method when the specific production technology of rapid-fire gun cannot be fully mastered.
Governor Liang Jiang is very interested in this report. While approving the request of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, he emphasized the quality of artillery, demanding: "Careful preparation, serious attention, and all foreign fast guns should be solid and profitable." At that time, rapid-fire guns were mainly produced by Britain and Germany in the west. After some comparison, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau finally introduced a kind of "all-steel breech rapid-fire gun" made by British Armstrong Company, which was "disassembled one door at a time and matched as before", thus beginning the history of rapid-fire guns made in China.
Nearly three years have passed since the imitation report was submitted, and the rapid-fire gun produced in China has finally appeared to the world. 1one day in June, 893, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau tested the newly-built artillery, and general manager Liu Qixiang specially invited a large number of Chinese and foreign people to watch it. At that time, there were two kinds of guns tested, namely, 800-pound tail gun and 40-pound all-steel fast gun, of which 40-pound all-steel fast gun was an imitation 120mm caliber rapid-fire gun. The result of the gun test was very successful. "China and western audiences are amazed." Xue Fucheng, a former ambassador to Britain, France and Italy, recorded the performance parameters of this rapid-fire gun in detail in his diary: "The rapid-fire gun weighs two tons, is 16 feet 2 inches long and has a caliber of 4 inches 7 minutes. It eats 12 pounds of black powder and only 5.5 pounds of smokeless powder. You can put 12 feet in one second, pop up 2080 feet in one second, and hit 18 miles in the bullet. And you think that "this kind of fast gun is most beneficial to warships." It can be seen from these data that the performance of this gun was relatively advanced at that time.
From the trial production of 1892 (18th year of Guangxu), Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau produced 12 120mm rapid-fire guns in the two years from * * to the Sino-Japanese War.
Performance parameters of 120mm slideway fast gun recorded by Jiangnan manufacturing bureau
Caliber120mm
Gun length 16.4 feet.
The gun body weighs 2 tons and 728 pounds.
The gun mount weighs 2.5 tons.
Frye line 22
The length of the double line is 14.4 feet.
The shell weighs 40 pounds.
4.5 pounds of smokeless powder; Stone medicine 12 lb
The range is 7200 meters
1July 2, 894 (May 29, Guangxu 20), a message from Li Hongzhang, Minister of Beiyang, reached Liu Qixiang, General Manager of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau: "In addition to allocating four fast guns, the bureau has mobilized maritime forces, and ammunition and copper shells should be allocated as appropriate. The navy still needs to speed up the guns, and there are still six in the bureau. It is also imperative to complete the ammunition and hand it over to the wheels. " Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is required to transport the 120mm rapid-fire gun together with ammunition to Weihai. Therefore, there is a record in the archives of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau: in the twentieth year of Guangxu, four "Amstrom 40 kg all-steel fast guns" were distributed to the Coastal Defence Ordnance Bureau; 1600 flowers and 1600 solid bombs; 400 steel bullets; 500 copper shells of fast artillery shells; The gun door is electrically spontaneous combustion, 1000 block; 2,600 guns were fired with copper pipes; One hundred and sixty medicine bags; Smokeless powder weighs 800 pounds. "As for the other six rapid-fire guns asked in Li Hongzhang's telegram, I don't know why, but they were all transferred by Nanyang Minister. In this way, there are five 120mm rapid-fire guns made in Jiangnan.
Ding Changru applied for several times to equip the "Yuan Jing" and "Laiyuan" ships with tail guns, but all failed. After the 120mm rapid-fire guns of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau arrived in Weihai, Li Hongzhang telegraphed Ding, demanding that these rapid-fire guns be quickly installed on the warship "Yuan Jing" as tail guns. But perhaps because of the tight time, it was too late to carry out a major transformation of warships (Li Hongzhang raised the issue of tail guns when he built Jingyuan and Laiyuan in Germany. At that time, the Fuerqiang factory replied that it could not add tail guns because the bottom plate had been cast. Until the end of the Sino-Japanese War, there were no tail guns on Jingyuan and Laiyuan ships. Surprisingly, however, the 120mm rapid-fire gun appeared on the warship Guang, which was not Beiyang's own.
Turning to the history of the Japanese-Qing War in Meiji, Japan in 278, we can see in the attached table that 120mm rapid-fire guns are impressively recorded under the column of "Guangyi" and "Guang Guang" carrying weapons. Coincidentally, foreigners in beiyang fleet also mentioned in the article "Sea Battle outside the Yalu River" that among the China warships participating in the Yellow Sea naval battle, the "Guang C" ship was equipped with three large-caliber rapid-fire guns. After the Yellow Sea naval battle, Xu (an ordnance scientist of Hanyang Iron and Steel Plant, a famous modern scientist and translator, and a former general manager of Hanyang Iron and Steel Plant, Hou Trail) was ordered to inspect the Beiyang Navy. 1901March 3 1 day, Hanyang exploded while testing smokeless powder, and Xu et al. 13 people died in the line of duty). In the inspection report, it is also clearly recorded that the "Guang C" ship is equipped with three "12 speed guns" (that is, 120mm rapid-fire guns). It can be seen that during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet's two warships "Guangyi" and "Guang C" were equipped with 120mm rapid-fire guns.
The "Guang" warship belongs to the Guangdong Navy and is the only main ship of the Guangdong Navy. 1894 in may, according to the navy regulations, three ships with the word "guang" were inspected northward. After the navy was read, Sino-Japanese relations were tense, and the ships did not want to return to Guangdong. They all stayed in Beiyang to help the war, and later they all participated in the Sino-Japanese War.
"Guang Yi" and "Guang C" among the "Guang" warships belong to steel-shell torpedo speedboats built by Fujian Shipbuilding Administration. It was built in June 5438+0890165438+1October 30th and June 5438+089 1 day respectively. The second ship belongs to the same type, with similar performance parameters and slightly different naval gun layout. However, according to the data when it was first built, "Guangyi" was equipped with 1 150mm guns and 2 guns 120mm guns, while "Guang C" was equipped with 3 guns 120mm guns, all of which were old breech guns. Only after the completion of the second ship can five of them120mm tail guns be replaced with new rapid-fire guns.
When Guangdong ordered "Guangyi" and "Guang C" ships, there was already a shortage of funds for ship purchase. Later, the "Guangding" ship was unable to pay the ship price, so it had no choice but to merge into the Fujian Ship Administration Navy and become the "Fu Jeer" ship. It is inconceivable that Guangdong Navy can spend huge sums of money to buy 120mm rapid-fire guns on its own. At that time, even the cost of Guangding was 202,000 yuan.
Judging from various historical data, when it was impossible to buy rapid-fire guns from abroad at that time, the only rapid-fire guns that could be contacted with the two ships with the word "Guang" were those transported to Weihai by Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and the quantity was consistent with the original 120mm gun positions of the two ships with the word "Guang", all of which were five guns. But why are these rapid-fire guns, which should be used as the tail guns of Jingyuan and Laiyuan, installed on two non-linear Guang ships? And the time and process of dressing up? No direct record was found, and further exploration is needed.
Now it is absolutely certain that a number of domestic rapid-fire guns accompanied beiyang fleet to participate in the Sino-Japanese War, although they did not play an important role in the naval battle because of their small number. However, the previous view that there is no rapid-fire gun in beiyang fleet seems to have been revised.
Rapid fire gun is a high-tech product of western powers at the end of 19. When China's military technicians in semi-feudal society were introduced, copied and actually applied in the war against foreign enemies, the efforts of China's early military technicians still deserve our respect today.
6. During the 40 years from the establishment of 1866 to the closure of 1907, mawei shipyard has built 40 ships of various sizes with a total tonnage of 47,350 tons. She made great contributions to the modern shipbuilding, naval construction, scientific and technological personnel training and the establishment and development of many industrial fields in China, and wrote a glorious chapter in the modern history of China.
Zuo once put forward "making marine steam engines with machines". Many machines in the engine room were bought from Europe. The steam engine triggered the industrial revolution in the west. The first marine steam engine that we made in China in187/kloc-0 was made in this marine engineering plant.
Mawei Ship Administration School is not only the cradle of China Navy, but many students who graduated from it are active in China's modern science and technology, culture, diplomacy, economy and other fields. Yan Fu, the "Enlightenment Thinker", Zhan Tianyou, the "Father of Chinese Railways", Wei Han, a shipbuilding expert known as "Cai Liang of Shi Kuang", Ba Yuzao and Chen Qi, a famous diplomat, are all outstanding representatives.
Mawei shipyard has reached a considerable scale soon after its establishment, with complete facilities such as slipway, dock and lifting equipment. At that time, the factory was equipped with 60 tons of cranes, which could build 3,000 tons of ships and built more than 50 workshops. It can be said that mawei shipyard at that time was second to none in China and even the whole Far East.
Mawei shipyard was built on1866 65438+February 23rd, which was the first machine shipyard produced by the Westernization Movement in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Shen Baozhen, then Prime Minister of Navigation Administration, tried his best to overcome the resistance, reformed the old system, boldly introduced advanced European shipbuilding technology, equipment and engineering technicians, hired French as navigation administration officials, and hired foreigners to teach shipbuilding and machine-building skills. 1869, China's first 1,000-ton ship was built; 187 1 year, China's first steam engine was born. 1882, China's largest tonnage iron rib wooden shell warship was built; 1889, China's first offshore armored ship "Pingyuan" was built.
"Pingyuan" is the 29th ship built by Fuzhou Maritime Bureau. It refers to the French designer Louis-é mile Bertain. The first all-steel armored warship in China was designed and manufactured on the basis of three offshore defense warships, namely "Cossitt", "Styx" and "Flegerton" designed by Mill Bei Jing, which represented the highest level of shipbuilding industry in China at that time. The ship was supervised by Chen, Zheng Qinglian, Wu, Li Shoutian and Yang. Construction started on February 7th, 1886,1October 29th, 1888, 1889. The general manager of Beiyang Navy, Lll, was very satisfied with the inspection of the ship, and was transferred to Beiyang Navy on May 28th 1890, and was renamed "Pingyuan".
Data of "Pingyuan" ship: length 59.99 meters, width 12. 19 meters, bow draft 4. 19 meters, bow draft 4.4 meters, main dock area 76.88 square meters, normal displacement 2 150. Power 2400 HP, speed 10.5 knots, bunker capacity 350 tons, armored deck 2 inches thick, waterline armor 9.4 inches thick, gun base and commander tower armor 5 inches thick, gun shield10.5 inches thick, and 202 people.
Main weapons: Krupp's 260mm front main gun/KOOC-0/gun (35 times caliber), Krupp/KOOC-0/50mm sub-gun, 57mm Hakka gun, 47mm single-tube Hakka rapid-fire gun, 37mm5-tube Hakka gun and 4-door/KOOC-0/8-inch torpedo tube. (Equipment situation of Dadonggou naval battle in the Yellow Sea)
Attachment: Operational experience of "Pingyuan" ship
1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out due to the Korean incident. On September 16, the main force of Beiyang Navy escorted the troops to reinforce Pyongyang and landed in Dadonggou at the mouth of Yalu River. Upon arrival, Pingyuan and Guangbing, as the second echelon, were deployed outside the mouth of Dadonggou to take on the alert task. Since its birth, this offshore defense armored ship has really carried out the offshore defense mission for the first time, and the remaining 10 main ship of Beiyang Navy, at noon in September of 17, the main fleet of Beiyang Navy met with the Japanese joint fleet outside the mouth and launched a fierce battle. After seeing the smoke in the distance, Pingyuan and Guangbing, which are far away from the battlefield, and torpedo boats Long Fu and Left One immediately went to the battlefield to support beiyang fleet's main force.
After 2 pm, the two ships "Pingyuan" and "Guang C" cooperated with each other and launched an attack on the flagship French cruiser "Songdao" of the Japanese fleet. The "Light Soldier" was ready to launch a torpedo at the "Song Dao", but it was forced to retreat because the enemy's firepower was too strong. "Pingyuan", with its strong protection ability, rushed to "Song Dao" in the rain under the command of the pipeline leader Li He. At 2: 34 pm, the distance between the two sides gradually approached 2,200 meters, and the rapid-fire machine gun on the side of the "Song Dao" frantically poured bullets into the plain. "Under the bombardment of countless shells, caves appeared on its side, and smoke came out from the ship. A steel bullet fired from a 260mm main gun at the bow of the "Pingyuan" ship hit Song Dao. The shell obliquely penetrated the medical room on the lower deck on the port side of Song Dao, penetrated the steel wall with a thickness of 1 inch, passed through the central torpedo launching room, and hit the mechanism under the 320mm main turret in Song Dao, causing an explosion, and then shattered the cover of the 320 artillery, making the artillery unable to rotate. When the shell passed through the central torpedo launching room, it "caused violent vibration in all rooms in the ship, filled with smoke, and people were difficult to identify at close range, which was suffocating", and four Japanese torpedo soldiers died of suffocation.
At 3: 00 pm 10, the 47mm hakix five-tube small rapid-fire gun equipped by the "Pingyuan" ship hit the central torpedo launching room and mast one after another. "Shrapnel is everywhere, and the walls around the room are covered with minced meat and blood, so it is very difficult to walk on the deck ..." Many Japanese torpedo soldiers were seriously injured and the fish launching circuit was interrupted. According to post-war statistics, in the whole Yellow Sea naval battle, Japan's flagship Matsushima was shot 13 times, and 35 people were killed. In this record, beiyang fleet's "body double" Pingyuan accounts for a large proportion.
Just a few minutes later, at 3: 20 pm and 3: 30 pm, Song Dao's sister ship Yandao was hit by Pingyuan one after another, killing four people.
Although the "Pingyuan" ship, which was not included in the first-line lineup before the war, entered the battlefield late and participated in the performance for a short time, it achieved impressive results. On the one hand, it embodies the advanced nature of the "Plain" ship's own armament and protection, and at the same time, the brave spirit of the whole ship's soldiers headed by Li He is also an important determinant of its success.
From the establishment of the factory to 1907, Mawei Shipping Administration experienced the transformation from learning from foreigners to dismissing foreign technicians, and designed and built the ship by itself, thus realizing the qualitative transformation of self-built wooden and wooden steel ships. * * * produced more than 40 large and small ships, becoming the largest shipyard in China and the largest shipyard in the Far East at that time. After the Revolution of 1911, Mawei Ship Administration was changed to Fuzhou Ship Administration, and the Aircraft Manufacturing Engineering Office was established. Ba Yuzao, Wang Zhu, Zeng Yijing and other young scientific and technological personnel from China who graduated from the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, after more than one year's efforts, built the first "A- 1" biplane in China in August of10/0, and successfully solved the water problem. ), and then built a two-seat trainer, coastal patrol aircraft, torpedo bombers and other 17 aircraft, and trained our own pilots. This makes Fuzhou Waterway Administration not only the birthplace of ships, but also the cradle of China aviation industry.
7. From1918 to 19 19, Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard accepted an order from the United States to manufacture four 10,000-ton cargo ships of the same type, all of which are fully shielded deck steam cargo ships. They were named Mandarin, China, the East and Cathy respectively. Captain135m, width16.7m, depth1/0.6m, displacement14,750 tons. The first "Guanfu" was launched on June 3rd, 1920, and four ships were accepted by the US Department of Transportation. The project has a solid foundation and complete equipment, and the US government is very satisfied with its construction quality. Is it true that only after "liberation" can China build a 10,000-ton ship?
There are many more, so I won't list them one by one.
Here are some China firsts.
The first cotton gin in China: 1887, Shanghai Zhangwanxiang Fuji Iron Works.
The first offset printing machine in China: 1900, Shanghai Caoxingchang Machine Factory.
The first silk reeling machine in China: 1900, Shanghai Yongchang Machine Factory.
The first combined oil rolling equipment in China: 1905, Hanyang Zhouhengshun Machinery Factory.
China's first large warship: 1906, Ningshao, with a displacement of 3,074 tons and 3000 horsepower, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau.
The first pump in China: 1907, 15 horsepower, Hanyang Zhouhengshun Machinery Factory.
The first hoist in China:1907,60 HP, Hanyang Zhouhengshun Machine Factory.
China No.1 Automobile Hammer: 1868, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
The first planer in China: 1868, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau.
The first domestic gear milling machine: 1870, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau.
The first high-power warship in China: 1872 Haian, with a displacement of 2,800 tons and 1800 horsepower, was built by Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
The first simple steam locomotive in China: 188 1 year, modified from steam boiler, Kaiping Mining Bureau Engineering Department.
The first standard steam locomotive in China: 1882, China Rocket, Kaiping Mining Bureau Engineering Office.
The first steam engine in China: 1862, Anqing ordnance institute.
China's first ship: 1865, Huanggu, Anqing Ordnance Institute.
The first lathe in China: 1867, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau.
China's first modern warship: 1868, Tianji, with a displacement of 600 tons, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.