abstract:
Key words:
Maritime accidents happen frequently, and the crew have insufficient knowledge of maritime risks, and have not taken adequate preventive measures and corresponding measures against their own risks. elder
Shortage of crew leads to shortened promotion cycle of senior officers. In order to improve the ship safety management level and reduce the ship accident rate, senior crew members need to mention
High-risk awareness and accumulated navigation experience, have a general understanding of the risks existing inside and outside the ship, especially the relationship between crew human factors and accidents.
The human behavior matrix helps the senior crew to understand the factors affecting human behavior, create a good working environment for the crew and improve their recognition of ship safety.
The awareness and level of total risk management can improve the safety and coordination of ships.
Risk, identification, assessment, management, safety and awareness
The concept of risk has a long history in the shipping industry. When it appeared in the early maritime trade and insurance industry, risk was understood to exist objectively.
This danger is reflected in natural phenomena or events, such as hitting rocks and storms when sailing. And the modern meaning of this word is not the original "encounter"
Danger ",but" opportunity or danger of destruction or loss ". After developing the concept of risk and human decision-making and action.
The consequences are closely linked. Experts and scholars have done a lot of research on the definition and understanding of risk, and statistics, actuarial science, insurance and other disciplines have all put it
Risk is defined as the possibility or probability that an event causes damage or injury. The general formulas are risk (R) and degree of injury (H).
Possibility of x occurrence (p). Sociologists have summarized the risks and put forward three usages: (l) It usually indicates bad things.
Things may or may not happen, and we can't predict them accurately. (2) indicates the possibility of bad things. (3) this
This usage is very common in professional risk analysis, which refers to the degree of negative impact when the probability of a harmful thing increases. Another scholar
It is considered that the definition of risk includes three factors: unfavorable result, possibility of occurrence and realistic state.
Risk has a more intuitive and vivid understanding.
Inductive definition helps us to understand.
spear
It is common sense that sailing is risky, and risks come from all aspects. Every year, people, environment and property are greatly affected by maritime accidents and shipwrecks.
The consequences of the loss are quite serious. According to the human resources report of Shinto International Society, the world is facing a shortage of senior officers, which leads to the promotion cycle of senior officers and
Compared with the past, the cycle is shortened, which leads to the lack of sailing experience, insufficient understanding of risks in sailing and insufficient understanding of accidents.
Sufficient psychological vigilance, highlighted by the failure to effectively assess and manage the risks of people and things that may have accidents, or even not.
There are effective management methods. Judging from the analysis of a large number of accidents, a considerable accident is related to the inexperience of the crew. In order to prevent accidents.
Health, it is necessary to train the senior crew on risk awareness, risk identification and control. Senior officials need to master risk identification and risk.
This control method can achieve the purpose of reducing marine risks.
Risk identification and assessment
Ships need to sail around the world in the process of cargo transportation, and they are faced with various complex external factors. In the boat, too
There are various complicated factors. All kinds of internal and external factors are dynamic and change with time and place, so neither the captain nor the crew can have them.
Effectively control the internal and external factors that may pose a threat to the safety of the ship and crew, and the ship and crew will be at high accident risk to prevent.
When a maritime accident occurs, the captain and crew should effectively evaluate the internal and external factors of each voyage to achieve effective management. Main evaluation contents:
1. 1 Identify, evaluate and control dangerous external environmental factors.
1. 1. 1 Traffic separation in the passing sea area.
The captain shall make a navigation plan in strict accordance with the collision avoidance rules, the relevant provisions on traffic separation areas and traffic separation access. special
Large ships, ships with limited draught and ships with limited maneuverability should not use coastal navigation areas to avoid complex navigation areas and reduce the chances of ships passing through.
Rate to improve the safety of navigation.
1. 1.2 The sea area it passes through is narrow.
The captain should take every narrow waterway in the sea seriously, read navigation books such as navigation guides, and understand the navigation route and
Navigation method, know whether pilotage is compulsory, hydrological conditions, positioning conditions, available channel width, etc. According to the ship's own conditions and the characteristics of navigation area
To determine the best entry and exit time of each narrow waterway, the captain should organize the pilot and engineer to hold a pre-flight preparation meeting to let all departments know the complete voyage.
Plan, all departments prepare according to their responsibilities and take safety measures as required. Resolutely avoid entering narrow waterways blindly and unprepared in case of sudden.
This situation put the ship in a passive position and caused an accident.
1. 1.3 Ship navigation intensive area
The dense navigation area of ships is caused by the complex navigation area along the coast, and the dense ships, boats or fishing boats do not abide by the collision avoidance rules.
A high-risk area for collision accidents. The captain should correctly evaluate the ship's maneuverability, loading, passing time and crew's sailing experience. exist
There are many routes to choose from, depending on whether the ship and crew should carefully use the routes in the dense navigation area and bypass the dense navigation area if conditions permit. Ruby
Make all preparations before entering.
1. 1.4 weather and ship conditions
The continuous application of high technology in navigation and nautical meteorology has improved the accuracy of weather forecast and enabled us to get more weather than before.
Information. However, high technology has not changed the laws of nature. Meteorological conditions have a great influence on navigation, and navigation depends on the weather. disaster
Serious shipwrecks caused by harmful weather occur from time to time, so we must be highly vigilant. The weather changes with the seasons, and the captain is making a sailing plan.
The book should comprehensively consider the age of the ship, hull strength, wind resistance, cargo loading, ship stability, navigation equipment, crew experience and so on.
And other factors. At present, weather routing is generally used for east-west transoceanic navigation, but remember that the air guide provides recommended routes. The captain is synthesizing the above contents.
After considering the factors, consider whether to adopt them. If not, you can ask the gas guide company to recommend the gas route that conforms to the actual situation of the ship at that time.
In shipping practice, the captain should not be forced or pressured by the charterer, but according to Article 35 of China's Maritime Law, "the captain is in charge of the ship."
Management and driving. Orders issued by the captain within the scope of his authority must be carried out by the crew, passengers and other personnel on board. Captain should
Take necessary measures to protect the ship and its personnel, documents, mail, goods and other property. "The law clearly stipulates that the captain is responsible.
In the event of a dispute with the charterer, such as the safe sailing of the ship, the ship's pilot should make clear his responsibilities and protect the crew and the ship with legal weapons.
Ship and cargo safety.
1. 1.5 port conditions (relevant provisions of the port state, provisions of the port authority on safe navigation and management, anchorage and pilotage regulations, and ports may
Water depth, port berthing conditions, berth depth, circle radius of harbor basin, hydrometeorology, port safety)
At present, the general accidents are mainly concentrated in the operation near the port and in the port. For these reasons, the captain and crew are familiar with the port and its vicinity.
Insufficient situation analysis and preparation. After a long voyage in Hong Kong, the captain and crew began to relax, thinking that the pilot was on board and they knew the port well.
Mouth situation, lack of communication with the pilot, the pilot's operation intention is unknown, his responsibilities are unknown, and he relies entirely on the pilot's operation.
And other phenomena. There is no psychological alert to emergencies, which leads to high accidents in Hong Kong. In addition to port safety, seven situations have occurred in this area at sea.
There are countless cases. The captain should focus on the analysis and evaluation of the ship's own conditions and the actual situation in the region, and make preparations for emergencies.
get ready
1. 1.6 Port loading conditions
Port loading and unloading conditions determine the way of cargo loading and unloading, resulting in different risks. Pay special attention to the accidental casualties of Hong Kong personnel on board and on board.
The damage of ship equipment and the unsafe behavior of workers threaten the safety of ships. Ship damage caused by workers in the process of operation shall be recorded in time.
Ask the other party to confirm. In general, the time of the docker's damage reporting procedure is clearly stipulated in the lease, and there is no requirement according to this clause.
It will be unfavorable for the shipowner to claim compensation from the lessor in the future.
1. 1.7 Religion, politics, unrest, riots, continuous strikes, etc.
Evaluate the situation of the ship's destination port. If the above factors exist, the time of the ship's stay at the destination port will be unknown, and the ship should be equipped with
Adequate fuel, fresh water, meals, other necessities and appropriate cash. Start the emergency plan according to the relevant procedures of ISPI and check it strictly.
The crew on the ship are forbidden to go down to the ground to ensure the safety of the crew and the ship.
1. 1.8 Pirates
Piracy poses a great threat to the lives of ships and crew, so we should attach great importance to areas with high incidence of piracy. The high incidence of sea helmets should be considered in route design.
Take a method far away from regional influence. When necessary, we should improve the level of anti-terrorism and ship protection, and keep in touch with relevant organizations or resident and management companies.
Close communication (establish temporary communication reporting system if necessary) until it passes safely.
1.2 Identification, evaluation and management of internal safety management factors of ships and companies
1.2. 1 Ship condition (ship age, hull structural strength, maneuverability, draft)
When making a navigation plan, we should consider the situation of the ship and make the best route in line with the actual situation of the ship.
1.2.2 Status of ship equipment
The evaluation of ship equipment condition is of great significance to the safe operation of ships, and quite a few maritime cases are caused by ship equipment problems, such as ports.
During internal control, the steering gear fails, the main engine fails, and the main distribution board jumps, resulting in ship collision, grounding and dock collision. Port and its vicinity
In areas with high maritime cases, at present, the port chapters of major ports have clear provisions on the detection of ship equipment and emergency equipment before the ship arrives at the port.
The system document of the ship management company also clearly stipulates the equipment test before the ship arrives in Hong Kong. At present, there are crew members measuring ship equipment.
When the ship is ready to enter and leave the port, try not to conduct rudder centering and emergency steering gear test in the bridge and steering gear room as required.
Relevant personnel must go to the scene. However, the supervisor is not on the scene from time to time. The unsafe behavior of the crew is harmful to the safety of the port.
The consequences of the threat are quite serious. Crew members should attach great importance to the evaluation and inspection of the state of ship equipment, and must strictly implement the principle of not engaging in formal activities according to regulations.
Significance, directly related to the crew's own safety and public safety.
1.2.3 cargo loading
The captain and crew should effectively evaluate the cargo characteristics, cargo loading, ship stability, cargo binding and ventilation requirements.
Formulate appropriate management methods and comprehensively consider these factors in route design.
1.2.4 dangerous goods status
According to the requirements of international hazard regulations, cargo characteristics, hazard level, harm to human body, injury prevention measures, rescue measures,
Fire protection requirements, cabin allocation location, etc. Posted in the crew living quarters and other areas. Equipped with corresponding fire-fighting and life-saving equipment as required, and organized the crew to learn.
Learn and understand the application of equipment and organize the crew to carry out targeted training.
1.2.5 internal safety management system of the company
Ship management companies engaged in ship management have established a ship safety management system according to lsM rules and passed the certification of relevant institutions.
Doctors, captains and crew members need to know the operation of the internal safety management system of the company they serve, and the safety culture of each company is different.
At the same time, there may be two skins in the actual operation, and the system file is different from the actual operation. There are many evaluation methods, such as ship discovery.
Problems with the ship's equipment will affect the safe operation of the ship, and the ship's ability is not enough to repair itself, so it needs external assistance.
The company put forward the requirement of arranging maintenance. Due to the tight shipping schedule, local maintenance costs are high. If maintenance is arranged, the shipping schedule will be delayed and the cost will be higher.
In this case, the attitude of the management company is an important way to evaluate the safety culture and management concept of the management company. Captain service management company
An understanding of safety culture helps to understand your environment and risks.
2. Observe and evaluate the possible risk factors of the crew's own behavior.
2. 1 seafarers' psychological, physiological, personality, sense of responsibility, fatigue, experience and skill factors
Through accident analysis and statistics, more than 80% of accidents are related to human factors. People can get through the difficulties before and during the accident.
It is affected by the above factors to prevent or reduce the degree of accidents or expand the degree of accidents. According to the analysis report afterwards, the parties involved in the accident were right.
There is not enough understanding of possible risks and actual dangers close to each other, so that accidents that could have been avoided are all due to insufficient preparation and vigilance.
Improper measures lead to accidents. In accident analysis and statistical reports such as shipowners' protection and indemnity association, human error accounts for about the total number of accidents.
About 800/0, which fulfilled the theory of 28. The phenomenon that human negligence and wrong behavior dominate the cause of the accident is of great significance to our ship management.
It puts forward new requirements for the management of managers. The management of people in management has always been the most difficult part. The educational background of the crew is different and the year is different.
The age structure, coming from different regions, different work experience and different psychological characteristics make management more difficult, requiring captains and senior ships.
Teachers study psychology, physiology and other knowledge to minimize the possible consequences of people's bad factors.
2. 1. 1 human element diagram
According to the human behavior matrix diagram, we can clearly understand the three main reasons for the decline of security. In order to build this ship
The crew is in the best working condition, that is, highly alert, dedicated and competent, and the work arrangement and personnel arrangement on board should conform to people.
The laws of nature. Therefore, STCW78/95 convention clearly stipulates the crew's duty time and daily and weekly workload to ensure the crew.
Adequate rest, while stipulating the minimum requirements for the crew's competency certificate.
.
We need to change the past, and the crew insisted that work is love despite illness.
The concept of ship, company and country. Modern crew management should not be spread and encouraged, and it is harmful for crew members to work in spite of illness.
Personal irresponsibility has left hidden dangers for the safety management of ships, which violates the requirements of the Convention on the Duties of Seafarers and should be resolutely put an end to it. The crew exceeded the contract period.
Overtime fatigue of ships occurs from time to time, especially container ships and bulk carriers. The crew was on duty because of fatigue.
Excessive inattention, sudden brain dormancy, decreased reaction ability and other reasons lead to accidental injury of crew members, ship collision and other maritime affairs.
This phenomenon requires the captain to coordinate with the management company and the lessor to correct the relationship between safety and economic benefits. Due to the short distance between the unloading port and the loading port, the cargo of bulk carriers
This change is complicated, and overtime is serious. If the coal is unloaded at the east coast port of the United States and then loaded at Mei Wan, the lessor or shipowner will be responsible for it.
Economic interests require the captain to cooperate with the overnight cabin cleaning work. The captain should keep a clear head and calculate the workload required for clearing the cabin according to the working hours stipulated in the convention.
The time should be truthfully reported to the lessor and the shipowner, and the captain should provide maximum assistance to the lessor according to the lease if the situation and conditions permit. As long as it doesn't violate
Relevant laws and regulations.
2.2 crew safety awareness
An incident is composed of several minor accidents, and the crew's safety awareness is low, which is not enough to cope with their occupational risks.
Solutions and vigilance increase the risk of accidents. Improving the crew's safety awareness and self-protection ability is an important way to prevent accidents.
Eliminate it in the bud and realize the safety of ships and personnel.
The simplest risk assessment model is 3W1h.
. Whateangowrong？
. Howlikelyisittogowrong？
. What if fitdoesgowrong?
. Whatdowedoifitdoesgowrong？
All the above listed maritime risks are at ordinary times, and the situation of each ship is different. The possible risks of this voyage should be analyzed according to the actual situation of this ship.
Identify and evaluate them one by one, and formulate management and response measures on this basis. The higher the risk awareness, the stricter the preventive measures.
The speed of decline, the longer the captain has been at sea, the less' courage' he has, which just proves that the old captain is experienced and likely to exist.
There is a strong awareness of risk prevention, and it is worth learning to be cautious in safety, which effectively reduces the probability of accidents.
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[2 1 Maritime Bureau of the People's Republic of China * * *. Introduction to the investigation of water traffic accidents. Dalian: Dalian Maritime University Press
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Collision avoidance rules at sea
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