general situation
Geographical location and area. Heilongjiang Province is the northernmost province with the highest latitude in China. It starts at 43 26' north latitude in the south and ends at 53 33' north latitude, with a length of about1120km from north to south. It starts from east longitude1211'in the west and 135 05' in the east, with a width of about 930 kilometers from east to west. The province's land area is 454,000 square kilometers, ranking sixth in the country, second only to Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Sichuan.
It has a long history. Heilongjiang province has a long history. If the human skull fossils unearthed from Yanjiagang site in Harbin are dated, ancient human activities can be traced back to 20000 BC. According to documents, ancient nationalities such as Sushen (Shen Xi) and Donghu who lived in Heilongjiang paid tribute to the legendary Yu Shun in the Central Plains and the later Zhou Dynasty. Born in this fertile soil, cymbals and their descendants, Nuzhen and Manchu, successively established dynasties. In the 8th century, people established the Bohai Kingdom, which was called "Haidong Guo Sheng" in history. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Jurchen established the Jin Dynasty and chose a large area of land in the north of China to confront the Southern Song Dynasty. The Manchu people, who took the basin of Heilongjiang Province as the "Dragon's Dragon Land", entered the Central Plains in the17th century and established the last feudal dynasty that unified the whole country. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/7th century, people of all ethnic groups in Heilongjiang Province resisted the aggression and occupation of Russian and Japanese imperialism and wrote countless touching historical chapters.
Administrative divisions. Heilongjiang province now administers 13 cities, including provincial cities 12, administrative offices 1, and 66 counties (cities), including county-level cities 19. 874 townships (towns), including 464 towns. The provincial capital is located in Harbin.
Population and nationality. By the end of 2002, the population of the whole province was 3,865,438+300,000. Among them, the rural population is 1792 1 10,000, accounting for 47%, and the urban population is 20.209 million, accounting for 53%. Heilongjiang province is a multi-ethnic frontier province. Except the Han nationality, there are 53 ethnic minorities, with 6.5438+0.77 million people, accounting for 4.6% of the total population of the province. Among the ethnic minorities, Manchu, Korean, Hui, Mongolian, Daur, Xibe, Oroqen, Hezhe, Ewenki and Kirgiz are ethnic groups living in Heilongjiang Province with a long history. By the end of 2002, there were 1 Mongolian autonomous counties, 1 Daur ethnic areas, 69 ethnic townships (towns) and 676 ethnic villages in the province. Manchu is the largest ethnic minority in the province, accounting for 58.5% of the total population of ethnic minorities. Among the ethnic minorities in our province, Manchu, Hui and Xibo use Chinese and Chinese; Both Koreans and Mongolians have their own national languages and characters; Daur, Oroqen, Hezhe, Ewenki and Kirgiz have their own national languages, but they have no written language, and Chinese is widely used.
Independent piece
Terrain. Heilongjiang province has a vast territory, and its basic geomorphological features are five mountains, one water, one grass and three fields, showing the characteristics of two mountains in the north and south and two plains in the east and west. The mountains are gentle and the plains are vast. Daxinganling, Zhangguangcailing, Laoyeling and Wanda Mountain form the mountain skeleton of the whole province. The mountains from the northwest and southeast play a barrier and sealing role in the whole province. Songnen Plain in the Midwest and Sanjiang Plain in the East extend to the hinterland of China and Russia respectively, forming convenient domestic and international links. The border line is 3045 kilometers long, and there are 25 open ports in the province, which occupies a unique position in China's border opening and has unparalleled advantages in other provinces and cities. Heilongjiang Province is located in the middle temperate zone and the cold temperate zone, and has a continental monsoon climate with distinct seasons and pleasant scenery. The average annual precipitation is 450 ~ 650 mm, the average annual temperature is -4 ~ 4℃, and the frost-free period is between 100 ~ 140 days.
Fertile black land, the granary of the motherland. Heilongjiang province is one of the three black soil belts in the world. The existing cultivated land area is142.68 million mu, accounting for 7.6% of the national cultivated land area, and the per capita cultivated land area is 3.75 mu (the per capita cultivated land area of agricultural employees is 19.2 mu), which is higher than the national average10.5 mu, with the total area and per capita possession ranking first in the country. The soil is fertile, with black soil, chernozem and meadow soil accounting for more than 60% of the cultivated land. The soil nutrient reserve is 2-5 times higher than that of other provinces and regions, and the land is concentrated and contiguous, with 80% concentrated in Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain. The terrain is flat, and the slope of most cultivated land is below 5 degrees, which is suitable for large-scale intensive management. Suitable for planting food crops such as soybean, wheat, corn, rice and potato, as well as cash crops such as beet, flax and flue-cured tobacco. The planting area and yield of soybean, beet, flax and potato all rank first in China, and the commodity rate of grain in the province is over 60%. Grassland covers an area of 65 million mu with an annual output of 8 billion kilograms. It is one of the key pastoral areas in China. Songnen Plain covers an area of103,000 square kilometers, accounting for 22.7% of the province's land area. Suitable natural conditions are conducive to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the output of grain, beans and potatoes occupies a decisive position in the country. Sanjiang Plain covers an area of109,000 square kilometers, accounting for 24% of the province's land area. Sanjiang Plain has a short development history, fertile soil, more arable land per capita, high commodity rate of grain and beans, rich reserve resources and great agricultural production potential.
The vast coastal area is the largest forest area and timber production base in China. Forests in Heilongjiang Province are widely distributed in Daxinganling, Xiaoxing 'anling, Wandashan, Zhangguangcailing, Laoyeling and other mountainous areas. The forest area of the whole province is1910.9 million hectares, the forest coverage rate is 410.9%, and the total standing stock is10.50 billion cubic meters. There are more than 0/00 species of main tree species/kloc-and more than 30 species of timber trees, including Korean pine, larch and Mongolian pine. Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Bo Huang radish and Juglans mandshurica are rare tree species in China. Cold temperate coniferous forest area in Daxing 'anling, represented by Larix gmelinii; Pinus koraiensis is the main forest area in Xiaoxing 'anling-Laoyeling temperate mixed forest zone. There are many kinds of rare birds, animals and wild plants in the forest area.
Abundant mineral resources. There are various types of landforms and complex geological structures in Heilongjiang Province, which create favorable conditions for the formation of various mineral resources. Found minerals 1, 3 1 species, including 77 minerals with proven reserves, 4 minerals with the top ten reserves in China, and 9 dominant mineral resources. There are many advantageous mineral resources such as oil, coal, gold and graphite. Oil is concentrated in Daqing area in the west; Coal is mainly distributed in Hegang, Shuangyashan, Jixi, Qitaihe and other places in the east, and there are also coal mines in Heibaoshan area in the northwest. Gold is distributed in Daxinganling and Heilongjiang coastal areas, and other non-ferrous metals are mainly distributed in the northern region; Non-metallic minerals are widely distributed and various, all over the province. All kinds of coal resources are of good quality. The eastern part is dominated by bituminous coal, the main coal types are coking coal and thermal coal, and the main coking coal which is scarce in China, and the northwest part is dominated by lignite.
The area is rich in water resources. There are many rivers and lakes in China, including Heilongjiang, Wusuli, Songhua and Suifenhe. There are 19 18 rivers with a basin area of over 50 square kilometers, of which 27 rivers are over 5000 square kilometers, and 18 rivers. Heilongjiang, with a total length of 4,370 kilometers, ranks third in China, second only to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and is a famous international boundary river. The total water resources in Heilongjiang Province are 75.5 billion cubic meters, of which surface water resources are 65.6 billion cubic meters. The comprehensive development and utilization capacity of water resources such as flood control, irrigation, water supply, power generation, shipping and fish farming has begun to take shape. Magnificent tourist scenery. Heilongjiang province is rich in tourism resources, and there are 1 1 1, of which 82 are natural resources, and only a quarter have been developed so far. Although the development history of Heilongjiang Province is relatively late, the cultural landscapes such as places of interest and historical sites are unique, and the natural landscape is original and magnificent, forming a unique tourism resource in Heilongjiang Province. Summer is a summer resort and winter is a paradise of ice and snow. In the natural landscape, Jingbo Lake is the largest alpine dammed lake in China and a famous scenic spot and convalescent area in the north. Comrade Ye Jianying once sang a poem for it, "The scenery in the north is better than that in the south of the Yangtze River"; Wudalianchi Volcano Geological Nature Reserve consists of five connected dammed lakes formed by volcanic eruption, which are located around1719-1721and 14 volcanic belts respectively. The geological features are well preserved and the lava flow scene is clear. The volcanic spray cone on the lava platform is a treasure of volcanic research and a natural wonder, and is known as the "Natural Volcano Museum". The spring water flowing day and night here can cure many diseases. Xingkai Lake is the largest boundary lake on the Sino-Russian border, with an area of 1.080 square kilometers. Xingkai Lake, with vast waters and lush aquatic plants, is the habitat of precious waterbirds such as swans, red-crowned cranes and mandarin ducks. There is a nature reserve here. Fuyuan, located in the easternmost part of China, is the earliest place where the sun rises in the motherland. Mohe is located in the northernmost part of China, where we can see the colorful Northern Lights, which is called "Arctic Village". This unique geographical location attracts a large number of tourists every summer. In addition, the virgin forest in Daxing 'anling, the hometown of red-crowned cranes in Qiqihar and Dumont, and Yabuli Ski Resort are all unique northland landscapes. Humanistic landscape includes prehistoric sites, ancient castles, historical sites, religious buildings, folk customs and unique urban architectural styles. Natural landscape and human landscape complement each other, making Heilongjiang not only a summer resort, but also a hot spot for winter tourism, attracting tourists at home and abroad.
Economic and social development
After more than 50 years' efforts, Heilongjiang Province has changed from the former Great Northern Wilderness to an important commodity grain base, an energy and raw material base, an equipment industrial base and a petrochemical base in China. In 2003, the province's GDP could reach 443.3 billion yuan. Agriculture has embarked on the road of characteristics. Cultivated land area, mechanization degree, grain output and inventory, soybean and green food output all rank first in the country. It has formed a comprehensive grain production capacity of 30 billion kilograms. In 2002, the output of commodity grain reached 654.38+05.85 billion kilograms. Animal husbandry is "one third of the world" of agriculture. By the first half of 2003, the number of dairy cows reached 6.5438+0.68 million, and the output of milk and dairy products ranked first in China. The province's green food monitoring area and the number of products that have obtained mark certification rank first in the country. The industrial base is relatively strong. It is an old national industrial base. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, 25 large enterprises moved northward to our province, and 22 of the 56 national key construction projects during the First Five-Year Plan period/KLOC-0 were located in Heilongjiang. In the 1960s and 1970s, anniversary Oilfield and large and small Xing 'an Mountains were developed on a large scale. After 1980s, a number of projects such as electricity, medicine and food were launched, forming petrochemical, machinery, food, coal, forestry and medicine 14. With an annual output of 50 million tons of crude oil and 70 million tons of coal, and a power generation capacity of/kloc-0.00 billion kwh, it has a large number of industrial equipment, which not only established an important position in the country, but also ranked ninth and sixth in the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size in 2002, forming a unique economic structure dominated by heavy industry, state-owned enterprises and large enterprises directly under the central government. In 2002, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size accounted for 87% (24 percentage points higher than the national level), state-owned and state-controlled industries accounted for 88% (35 percentage points higher than the national level), and enterprises directly under the central government accounted for 67% (ranking first in the country). The infrastructure has taken shape. The railway operating mileage is 475 1 km, the highway mileage is 63,000 km, and the water navigation mileage is 5,057 km. There are 45 air routes, including 8 international air routes. The basic network of post and telecommunications has reached the international advanced level. The total length of long-distance optical cables is nearly 30,000 kilometers, the capacity of local telephone exchanges is 7.966 million, and there are 6.58 million mobile phone users and Internet users1179,000. Opening up to the outside world is constantly expanding. It has established economic, trade and scientific and technological cooperation relations with more than 50 countries and regions in the world. There are 25 national first-class ports and 9 border trade zones. Trade cooperation with Russia accounts for 53.6% of the province's foreign trade import and export, accounting for 1/5 of the total Sino-Russian trade. Science and education have developed rapidly. There are 240 scientific research institutions and 48 institutions of higher learning. Harbin Institute of Technology is one of the nine key universities in China. There are 335,000 students in institutions of higher learning, and professional technicians 1, 2 1, 000. Scientific research and technology development in petroleum exploration, welding engineering, robotics, aircraft manufacturing, large generator sets and other fields are at the forefront of the country. The comprehensive strength of science and technology ranks seventh in the country. Heilongjiang is still an underdeveloped province in general, and its institutional and structural contradictions are more prominent. For example, there are many state-owned enterprises, but the historical burden is heavy; Strong industrial base, but insufficient investment and aging equipment; The country is an important commodity grain base, but the current grain problem is under great pressure; Rich in resources, but not fully transformed into economic advantages, the contradiction of sustainable development of resource-based cities is quite acute.
Development potential
Heilongjiang province is rich in resources, developed late and has great development potential. It has the potential to revitalize state-owned stock assets. The total state-owned assets of state-owned and state-controlled industrial enterprises in the province are more than 350 billion yuan. According to the plan to basically adjust the layout of state-owned economy and reorganize state-owned enterprises in 2005, the proportion of state-owned assets in industries above designated size will drop from the current 87% to about 50%, and the total withdrawal of state-owned assets will reach more than150 billion yuan, of which nearly 300 enterprises plan to withdraw from state-owned enterprises completely. It has the potential of deep development of resources. The original brand has a large proportion of industrial products and a low degree of deep processing. A large number of agricultural products such as corn and Dali need to be upgraded through intensive processing. Animal husbandry is marching into half of the rural economy, especially through the implementation of the "Dairy Revitalization Plan", the number of dairy cows has exceeded 6.5438+0 million, and the output of fresh milk has exceeded 2 million tons. Livestock products such as milk, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, which have been increasing production, also need intensive processing to improve market competitiveness. A large number of mountain forest specialties and underground mineral resources need to be developed urgently, especially products in coal, forest industry, petroleum and other industries need to extend the industrial chain. It has the potential to make use of ecological advantages. The ecological environment in Heilongjiang Province is relatively good. Taking advantage of this advantage, the production of green food has developed greatly in recent years. The planting area of green food accounts for 38% of the whole country, and the output accounts for 37% of the whole country. Development is continuing to accelerate. Tourism characterized by summer vacation, winter ice and snow tour, cross-border tour and ethnic customs tour has developed rapidly and has become a pillar industry, which urgently needs to be bigger and stronger. At the same time, we are speeding up the construction of an ecological demonstration province and vigorously developing the environmental protection industry. It has the potential to develop economic and technical cooperation with Russia. The state has made a major decision to further strengthen cooperation with Russia and open up the Russian market. Heilongjiang province is making full use of its geographical advantages to comprehensively promote economic, trade and scientific and technological cooperation with Russia. In developing trade with Russia, we are speeding up the construction of a mutual trade zone and improving the market system focusing on Russian light industrial products market, fruit and vegetable market and building decoration materials market. In developing economic, trade and scientific and technological cooperation with Russia, we are cooperating with Russia in the fields of oil and gas, forest harvesting and processing, agriculture, industrial projects, mineral resources development, science and technology. The Sino-Russian Science and Technology Cooperation and Industrialization Center has been established, with Heilongjiang Province taking the lead in building the Sino-Russian Science Park in Moscow and the Sino-Russian International Science City in Harbin. It has the potential to develop quality and benefit agriculture and open up the agricultural product market. Vigorously developing high-quality grain production with emphasis on "improved seed project" and "soybean revitalization plan" and animal husbandry with emphasis on "dairy revitalization plan" has great potential in using advanced technology to increase output and improve quality. The problem of insufficient development of agricultural products market in Heilongjiang Province is quite prominent and needs to be solved by seeking partners. It has the potential of infrastructure construction. We will implement the strategy of large-scale projects, start "100 projects", and focus on promoting the construction of key projects such as water conservancy infrastructure, transportation, posts and telecommunications, and energy. Invest more than 60 billion yuan every year and raise and implement it through multiple channels in a market-oriented way.