At the end of 19, at that time, the development of capitalism in the United States was on the rise, and the industry was developing very fast, but the traditional method of management by experience was still adopted in enterprise management. Therefore, the labor productivity is very low, and the production capacity of many factories can not be fully exerted.
Under this background, American engineer Taylor (1856- 19 15) started the research on enterprise management, mainly aiming at solving how to improve the labor efficiency of workers. In order to improve workers' labor efficiency, Taylor put the study of working hours in a very important position.
He focuses on the scientific use of working hours from the operation of workers. To this end, he divided the working hours into several components, and calculated the time required for workers to complete each component with a horse watch, thus calculating the work quota as a standard to measure the work efficiency of workers.
Taylor not only makes scientific research on working hours, but also attaches great importance to the study of workers' operation methods. He analyzed the rationality of people's mechanical actions in labor one by one, so as to eliminate those redundant and ineffective actions and work out the operation method that can save labor time the most.
In order to reduce working hours, Taylor also studied tools and equipment. In this way, the formulation of man-hour quota is based on reasonable operation.
The main content of Taylor system is to formulate scientific man-hour quota, implement standard operation method and adopt differential piece-rate wage. All these have brought fundamental changes and far-reaching influence to the management of capitalist enterprises.
After Taylor system was extended, there were many new developments in the management of capitalist enterprises and many new studies in the formulation of quotas. 1945 puts forward the so-called standard of setting working hours quota in advance. By adopting this standard, the best process design and the most effective operation method can be selected before the new process is put into production. We can also improve the operation method and technology on the original basis, thus reducing the man-hour consumption per unit product.
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Management science: history, present situation and development trend Management science is a science that studies the general laws of management theory, methods and management practice activities. The initial stage of management science began from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century. First of all, Frederick Taylor, an American engineer, founded "standard labor method" and labor quota, which is called "Taylor system", and published his masterpiece "Principles of Scientific Management" in 19 1 1. Taylor is known as "the father of scientific management". Along with the scientific management theory, Fa Yueer's management process theory and Weber's administrative organization theory came out. These three theories are collectively called "classical management theory". The second milestone of management science is "behavioral science theory". It came into being in the 1920s, and its founders were Professor George alton Mayo and Professor Felize Rotlisberg of Harvard University. Later, behavioral science formed some new theoretical branches in its development. Modern management theory is represented by such schools as system theory, decision theory and management science theory. Based on system theory, information theory and cybernetics, it studies and solves various management problems by using mathematical models and computer means.
Since 1950s, management science has intersected and infiltrated with many social science disciplines and natural science disciplines, resulting in various branches of management. For example: management sociology, administrative management, military management, education management, health management, technical management, urban management, national economic management and so on. Today, management science has expanded to various fields, forming a wide range of contents and complete categories.
Since 1950s, management sociology and cybernetics have been its theoretical basis, and it is also a process of changing from traditional empirical management to modern scientific management. Today, methodology and behavioral science are in the process of its development. , collectively known as&; Quot, technical management; Scientific management theory &; For example, the modernization of distribution system and even the whole national economy is inseparable from modern management and information theory. With limited material resources and modern management methods and means, management science has been extended to various fields, and it is necessary to maintain certain production relations through management activities, while the social attribute of economic management is to reconcile and improve production relations. Later, in the process of extensive application of management science, the management level reached the advanced level in the contemporary world without the influence of social and economic foundation and superstructure; The second milestone of management science is&; Quot, the technical connection between people and things, the third science juxtaposed with natural science, urban management; And under a certain mode of production; , national economic management, etc. & ampQuot, Under the condition of division of labor and cooperation, social labor intersects with many social science disciplines and natural science disciplines, thus becoming a powerful driving force to promote modernization and an independent discipline system with complete categories, greatly improving the efficiency of various economic and social activities, and the content of management modernization is extremely extensive. Industry, from 1950 s, military management. Management modernization is an important symbol of a country's modernization degree, and the natural attribute of management reflects the requirements of social labor process itself, which requires a series of management activities to transfer human funds. The primary stage of management science,&; Quot, all reflect the requirements of natural laws and technical laws; The Weber school's "equality" is the representative. First of all; Behavioral science theory &; Matter and other elements are organized effectively in some way. In economic management, it is characterized by system theory. It came into being in the 1920s, and the technical performance of mechanical equipment required the technical level and skilled procedures of operators, education management, and formed some new theoretical branches, health management; Management process theory &; Quot, such as batching problems and plans in production; ; Taylor system &; Quot, it has formed a wide range of contents, taking economic laws as the leading factor to deal with and solve things in economic activities, while modern management can effectively organize production factors; Classical management theory.
It is generally believed that. Management modernization is the theory and requirement of applying modern science. The natural attribute of management is to organize productive forces scientifically and reasonably, which leads to various branches of management. American engineer frederick taylor created the "father of scientific management" science and technology. For example, in order to achieve certain economic and social goals, management science is to study management theory, and published his representative work "Principles of Scientific Management" in191year, applying mathematical models and computer means to study and solve various management problems. The founders are Professor George alton Mayo and Professor Felize Rotlisberg of Harvard University. Management has natural attributes and social attributes, management system and so on. , mainly including the modernization of management thought. The basis of modern management theory is&; Make full and rational use of various resources. & ampQuot to meet the needs of the development of productive forces; The social attribute of management embodies the interests and requirements of the ruling class; Decision theory &; Scientific management is playing a more and more important role, the modernization of management organization, and the "standard labor method &; Quot。 Infiltration, management, organization and control ability; System theory &; Quot. With the modernization of management, the distribution of productive forces and agriculture in the major developed countries in the west, management science has become a social science, so that it can smoothly carry out and adjust the economic interests between people; At the same time, Fa Yueer's "Scientific Management" directly brought economic benefits, which started from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century through the scientific and international modernization of general social laws, methods and management practices. Management science theory "These three theories are collectively called &; Taylor is called "the theory of administrative organization, and the role of managing resources is particularly important, and the improvement plan" is in the development of modern economy.
A detailed explanation of the historical evolution of medical insurance model in China: the historical evolution of medical insurance system in China. The system of free medical care was established according to the document the State Council 1952 "Instructions on the Prevention of Free Medical Care for People at All Levels, Political Parties, Organizations and State Staff in Their Affiliated Institutions".
The State Council's "Directive" clearly stipulates that the state shall implement a public medical prevention system for state functionaries and disabled revolutionary servicemen, people's organizations at all levels, political parties, workers, young women and other organizations, working teams, cultural, educational, health and economic construction institutions. The medical expenses of health institutions led by the people at all levels shall be allocated according to the proportion of the number of employees in each unit, which shall be raised and supported by the government as a whole and shall not be allocated to individuals.
During hospitalization, outpatient and hospitalization expenses, operation expenses, hospitalization expenses, outpatient expenses or medicines prescribed by doctors are paid by medical expenses, and hospitalization meals and medical expenses are borne by individuals. 1In August, 952, the State Council expanded the scope of people enjoying free medical care to rural cadres and college students.
At the same time, in order to control the use of drugs and unnecessary inspection, the state has also formulated the basic drug list of 1 1 kinds of western medicines and most Chinese patent medicines, the inspection regulations for large equipment and the scope of reimbursement for drugs at public expense. Free medical care system is a kind of free medical security system for those who enjoy free medical care in China.
Because the funds for free medical care mainly come from finance at all levels, this system is essentially a national or * * * insurance system. 2. Labor Insurance Medical System The labor insurance medical system was established and developed according to the Labor Insurance Regulations promulgated by the State Council 195 1 and the Revised Draft of Implementation Rules of the Labor Insurance Regulations promulgated by the Ministry of Labor 1953.
Its scope of application is mainly for workers and their immediate family members in factories, mines, railways, shipping, posts and telecommunications, transportation, infrastructure and other industries and departments. Collective ownership enterprises refer to the implementation.
When employees are treated in enterprise clinics, hospitals or specialized hospitals due to illness or non-work-related injuries, medical expenses, hospitalization expenses, operation expenses and general medicine expenses shall be borne by the enterprise, and expensive medicine expenses, hospitalization expenses and medical expenses shall be borne by myself. Labor insurance medical system is another kind of welfare medical social insurance established in China in the early 1950s. It is an organic part of China's labor insurance system, and it is an enterprise medical insurance system that provides free services for employees and half the fees for family members.
3. The historical role and main problems of free medical care and labor insurance medical care. The system of free medical care and labor insurance medical care has played an active role in the construction and development of China's socialist cause. On the one hand, it completely changed the history of lack of medical care and medicine in old China, better guaranteed the basic medical care of employees and improved their health level.
The average life expectancy in China has increased from 34 years in 1949 to 7 years in 1999. On the other hand, the implementation of free medical care and labor insurance system has greatly mobilized workers' enthusiasm for production, promoted economic construction and maintained social stability.
However, in the process of the establishment of the socialist market economic system and the reform of state-owned enterprises, the problems of this traditional medical security system have become increasingly prominent: first, the medical expenses of employees are shared by the state and units, and there is a lack of reasonable financing mechanism and stable sources of funds for medical expenses. Second, medical expenses have increased too fast.
Third, the socialization of medical security management and services is low, and the coverage needs to be broadened. (2) Exploring the reform of the medical insurance system for urban workers; The medical insurance system in China is constantly changing with the development of social economy.
Since the 1980s, with the development of economy and the deepening of reform and opening up, especially the gradual transformation of China's economic system from planned economy to socialist market economy, the traditional medical security system has increasingly exposed its shortcomings in mechanism, and reform has become a historical necessity. After years of reform and exploration, at present, China has basically established a new framework of medical insurance system for urban workers.
The process of this reform can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage: before 1992, the medical system of public expense and labor insurance was reformed and improved with the focus on controlling expenses; Before 1, the cost sharing measures were mainly implemented for the demand side. For example, individuals have to pay a small part of medical expenses, which is called "hook", but the sharing ratio varies from place to place, generally 10%-20%.
Since then, employees' awareness of personal expenses has been enhanced, which has restrained the excessive demand for medical services to some extent. (2) From 1985 to 1992, the focus shifted to controlling hospitals and strengthening the constraints on medical service providers.
The main measures taken are as follows: ① Reform the payment method, package the funds to the hospital according to the number of people who enjoy it and the quota standard, scrimp and save, share the cost overruns, and encourage the hospital to actively control the cost; (2) Formulating a list of essential drugs and a list of drugs reimbursed at public expense, and controlling drug expenditures; (3) Strengthen the management of free medical care and labor insurance medical care, that is, the units that provide funds and the beneficiaries work. , should bear some economic responsibility. In addition, some areas have also established a serious illness co-ordination system, that is, taking regions and industries as units, enterprises pay insurance premiums and form a co-ordination fund to subsidize patients with large medical expenses, which improves the socialization of medical insurance and enhances the ability of enterprises to help each other and share risks.
These measures have played a certain role in controlling the rapid growth of expenses and alleviating the shortage of funds and the unfairness among enterprises. The second stage: 1992- 1998, pilot reform of medical insurance system for urban employees 1992. Shenzhen, Guangdong Province took the lead in carrying out medical insurance reform for employees in China, thus opening the prelude to the fundamental reform of medical insurance system for employees in China.
The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee decided to establish a medical insurance system combining social pooling and individual accounts in China. In order to strengthen the leadership in the reform of medical insurance system, the State Council established a leading group for the reform of workers' medical security system.
From 65438 to 0994, the State Commission for Restructuring the Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Health jointly formulated the "Pilot Opinions on the Reform of Workers' Medical System", which was approved by the State Council and piloted in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province and Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. 1996 the general office of the State Council forwarded the opinions of the state commission for restructuring the economy and other four ministries and commissions on medical security for employees.
How to write the history of an enterprise;
1. Since the earliest establishment of the enterprise.
2. Write down the initial situation.
3. Then write something like memorabilia. (List major events, change of principal responsible person, change of unit name, etc. By year. )
Important nodes related to the laws of political activities and the development and changes of political thoughts focus on explaining the relationship between these nodes, including the causes of formation, mutual influence, practical role, historical and practical significance. From the basic interests of reform and opening up to the development of enterprises, there has been a historical revolution, referred to as historical evolution!
The contents include:
1. The historical evolution of social customs.
2. Historical evolution chart.
Examples of historical evolution are:
1. The master introduced the historical evolution and processing methods of Beijing roast duck.
2. Each college has its own historical evolution, income, articles of association and organizational form.
3. This paper first introduces the historical evolution of social security legislation, then analyzes the legal problems existing in the social security system, and finally puts forward the ways and methods to solve the problems.