Naturalism in literature came into being in the 1960s. It prevailed in the 1970s and 1980s. It originated in France and later became popular in Britain, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Norway and other countries. The naturalistic tendency in literature has already appeared in the works of Flaubert and Mo Bosang, but Mattress is the most prominent in the works of Gonggur brothers and Dude. But none of them put forward a specific and complete theory. Tanner (1828- 1893) is a literary critic, a believer in positive philosophy and an advocate of naturalism. 1858, in an article about Balzac, he explained the meaning of naturalism for the first time: naturalism in literature is to describe life in a scientific way according to the writer's observation of reality. Turner advocates using natural laws to explain literary phenomena and study the history of literary development. People think that spiritual science, like natural science, should be studied in a similar way and all literary schools should be treated equally and objectively. After Turner, Zola became an advocate and advocate of naturalism theory. The definition of novel, experimental novel theory (1880), literature materials (188 1) and naturalistic novelists (188 1) written by him successively are all important documents for future generations to study naturalistic theory. Zola believes that the previous realistic works can not fully meet the requirements of modern art and is determined to consolidate them with new theories. As the basis of this theory, it is to respect facts and documents. In the article Naturalist Novelist, he said: "Don't exaggerate or emphasize here, as long as the facts are commendable or debatable. The author is not a moralist but an anatomist. It is enough for him to tell what he found in human bodies. Therefore, Zola summed up the characteristics of naturalistic novels as: "the correct reproduction of life excludes all novel elements" and "it is impossible to have great people." When the writer observes life, Zola emphasizes the scientific method. He advocated using scientific experiments to prove the laws of nature and society and using genetic truth to clarify everything. In On Experimental Fiction, he said, "In order to make my thoughts clear and have scientific power, just replace the word' novelist' with' doctor'. ..... Now I want to prove that if experimental methods can guide people to understand material life, then experimental methods can also guide people to understand emotional and spiritual life. In this way, he equated the tasks of a novelist and a doctor. Although Zola subjectively thought that he developed realism, he actually vulgarized realism. /kloc-In the late 20th century, naturalism was very popular in Europe, but there were not many single naturalist writers. In France, the most typical naturalistic novelists are the Gungur brothers. Edmund Goncourt (1822- 1896) and his brother Yule Goncourt (1830- 1870) have written many novels advocating naturalism. The novel zhirmini laside (1860). This work mainly describes the miserable life of a coffee shop maid. Poisoned by the bad social atmosphere at that time, she lived a secret life of debauchery and alcoholism, and eventually degenerated and died. This is a true story based on Ross, the maid of the Gonggur brothers. Stream of consciousness is an artistic technique widely used in western contemporary literature. It is named after the expression of stream of consciousness as the main content and the inner monologue, free association and the interweaving of reality and reality as the main methods. Although the name "stream of consciousness" was first put forward by American psychologist william james in 1884, and the stream-of-consciousness novel was also a trend of thought that rose in Europe and America in the 1920s, writers who consciously expressed people's inner feelings and repressed consciousness or subconsciousness in literary and artistic creation are not just contemporary European and American writers. At the beginning of this century, Japanese chef Kawamura made a systematic exposition in The Symbol of Depression. However, Shirakawa's artistic theory does not come from william james's works, but directly applies the psychoanalysis of Austrian psychopath Freud. The master of the theory and practice of stream of consciousness can be traced back to the Russian writer Dostoevsky in the19th century. It should be noted that the psychological description technique in traditional novels is not equal to the stream of consciousness technique. As far as reflecting the psychology of characters is concerned, the two are the same; But in the form of reflection, there is a great difference between the two. The psychological description of traditional novels is only a link to express the content of the works, while the stream of consciousness technique takes the stream of consciousness as the main body of the contents of the works. The general psychological description is to explain, promote the story and express the character, while the stream of consciousness technique is to express the character's consciousness. Psychological description is to extract a little from the reality of the character's consciousness, which is often rational consciousness, while the stream of consciousness technique shows the whole reality of the character's stream of consciousness, including rational and irrational subconscious, subconscious and illusion. The general description of the mind is often the inner monologue or the emergence of consciousness. The author uses montage cohesion skills to break the boundaries between time and space, subjective and objective, and freely gallop and radiate pictures and shots without revealing the traces described by the author. Stendhal's novel Red and Black uses psychological description. Joyce's novel Ulysses adopts a typical stream of consciousness technique. Therefore, we can't call general psychological description or writing dreamy themes as stream-of-consciousness techniques. As a literary genre, stream-of-consciousness novels have only existed for more than twenty years. It is only a flash in the pan in the long river of literary development, and has long been eliminated by history, but the stream of consciousness technique is still widely used. Generally speaking, the theory of stream of consciousness is untenable, but it also has some reasonable components. In some cases, people's conscious activities are indeed continuous and chaotic. Such as emotional ups and downs, emotional ups and downs, upset, it is difficult to describe these scenes vividly according to the traditional psychological description method, but the use of stream of consciousness method can show its strength, which can not but be said to be an innovation in literary creation methods. If we don't admit this, we can't fully explain why western modernist writers generally absorb and use some techniques of stream of consciousness, and why China writers also learn from stream of consciousness techniques. Aestheticism Aestheticism is a bourgeois literary trend of thought popular in western Europe at the end of 19. It first began in poetry, and then gradually spread to novels and plays, mainly popular in Britain. The so-called "aestheticism" means taking the formal beauty of art as an artistic proposition of absolute beauty. The "beauty" mentioned here refers to the beauty of skills divorced from reality. Therefore, aestheticism is sometimes called "aestheticism" or "beauty first". The formation of aestheticism has a long process. Keats was an English romantic poet and a pioneer of aestheticism in 1930s. He said, "Good things are eternal happiness." Gaudi, a French writer, is a writer who transited from romanticism to aestheticism. He opposed the utilitarianism of art, advocated pure art and pursued formal beauty, and put forward the idea of "art for art's sake". Gaudi became an advocate of aestheticism. /kloc-the formation of the British aestheticism movement at the end of 0/9th century has two major factors: one is Bede's hedonism criticism (1839-1894); Second, Morris's artistic life thought (1834- 1896). Bede believes that the responsibility of literary critics is not to master knowledge and list materials to meet the correct definition of beauty, but to have a special temperament and the ability to feel the object of beauty, to closely connect themselves with the contents of books, and to explore pleasure and fun from them, which is the basis of aesthetic criticism. Morris believes that the purpose of transforming society is to stretch freely and make daily life artistic. If no civilized society can provide such an environment for its members, then there is no need for this world to exist. The above viewpoints of Bede and Morris laid the theoretical foundation of aestheticism. Coupled with the efforts of Rossetti (1828- 1882) and Swinburne (1837- 1909), the aestheticism movement was finally formed. The real representative of aestheticism is Oscar Wilde (1856- 1900), a practitioner of aestheticism creation and an advocate of aestheticism theory. As far as the relationship between art and reality is concerned, Wilde thinks that art should be detached from reality and life. "Real events are the enemies of art. All the disadvantages of art come from real feelings. Nature is understanding, and understanding is not art. "All poor art comes from the description of returning to nature and the objective description of life. So think that any art of "returning to life and nature" is bad, and the farther away from reality, the better? The only good thing is something that has nothing to do with us. "As far as the role of art in life is concerned, Wilde believes that life is not reproduced by art, but imitated by life. Art is not a mirror of human social life, life is only a student of art, and art is supreme. This fundamentally negates the materialistic view that the objective existence of society determines people's ideology and falls into the epistemology of putting the cart before the horse. Starting from the purpose of literary and artistic creation, he advocated "art for art's sake". "Art only expresses itself. Art has an independent life, just as thought has an independent life. "It goes without saying that these literary ideas spread by Wilde are extremely absurd. He reversed the relationship between literature and life, confused people's cognitive route, and tried to induce writers to enter the "ivory tower" of bourgeois art in order to save the fate of the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie. The novel The Portrait of Du Liangle is Wilde's masterpiece and also an aestheticism work. It aims to show that life is an imitation of art, and if art is destroyed, human life will cease to exist. Aestheticism has a great influence on China's literary world. In 1930s, it once flowed into China, and the poems of Xu Zhimo, a scholar of "Crescent School", were obviously aesthetical, which was severely denounced by Lu Xun, a great writer in China. Symbolism Symbolism generally refers to creative methods, expressing elusive illusions, and its content is mysticism. What the writer wants to elaborate is not the real objective world, but the personal subjective inner world. Symbolism comes from the word symbol. In Greek, it originally meant to be a token of "dividing a wooden board into two halves with one end on each side to show its connection", and then it gradually evolved into "a representative of the habit of taking a form as a concept". Symbols have existed since ancient times. It is a way of association, that is, linking what you see in front of you with what you have experienced in the past to form a unique new artistic conception. Symbolism, as a specific literary trend of thought, first appeared in France in 1980s, mainly in the field of poetry creation. French symbolist poets include Malamei (1842- 1898), Verguan (1844- 1896) and Bo Han (185d-18965438). In drama, the Belgian playwright maeterlinck (1862- 1949) is the representative. Since 1990s, symbolism has spread to Britain, America, Germany, Russia, Italy, Spain and other countries. By the 1920s, it had become a literary trend of thought with international influence. From the content, symbolism can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. As far as time is concerned, symbolism is different from early and late periods. The early symbolism mainly refers to the ideological trend prevailing in Europe after the failure of the Paris Commune, that is, in the 1980s and 1990s, and the later symbolism refers to the revival of symbolism that swept Europe and America and reached its peak in the 1920s, that is, after the First World War. Some people classify symbolism in the later period as modernism. 1886, the French poet Jules Morea (1856- 19 10) published the Manifesto of Symbolism in le figaro. At the same time, Malarme wrote a preface and René Gill published Tone Theory. These three papers not only laid the theoretical foundation of symbolism poetry, but also were important documents for later generations to study symbolism theory. Symbolists believe that literature and art should not express real life, but a "another world" that transcends the feeling that time, space, matter and consciousness cannot reach. This kind of extrasensory thing can only be expressed by symbols. They believe that the reality is dark and changeable, illusory and painful, and only the "other world" is true, good and beautiful. It is to hint at another world with a trance-like and half-hidden landscape, and symbols are the media to communicate these two worlds. For example, crow symbolizes fate, darkness of soul, light represents rainbow, sadness represents black, purity represents self, authority represents yellow, and so on. These symbolic meanings are the inherent characteristics of things and words, which are well known to people. But in more cases, its symbolic meaning is often not the inherent attribute of things and words, but the characteristics given by human subjectivity, such as the heavy rain symbolizing God and the holy grail symbolizing divine power, and its significance is puzzling. The same thing, the same poem, can often have different interpretations. Symbolic poetry is a kind of literary creation based on suggestion and association. It is different from romantic poetry, which opposes direct lyric and advocates indirect lyric. It is also different from realistic poetry, which opposes describing things objectively and concretely. It draws people's attention from the external material world to the internal spiritual world. How to express this inner spiritual world? Mainly by symbolic suggestion, that is, theme suggestion, thing suggestion and emotional suggestion. Ten things, only three, the remaining seven, depends on the reader's senses to infer, or just say one thing, readers will associate with endless things. In this way, readers seem to be half reading poetry and half writing, and get pleasure from it. Symbolic Taoist songs try to avoid general descriptions, especially naked preaching. Symbolic poetry requires the unity of image beauty, music beauty and painting beauty. Symbolists believe that writing poetry is like composing music, and words are notes, which need poetry to produce symphony-like artistic effects. Han Bo once wrote a sonnet in which the vowels are colored, "A is black, E is white, I is red, U is green and O is blue". Some people think of the relationship between sound and color from the types of musical instruments, saying that the harp is white, the ukulele is blue, the flute is yellow and the organ is black. This interweaving of color and sound breaks the boundaries of vision, hearing and other senses, and mixes poetry, music and painting. Such poems are considered excellent. Symbolism advocates free poetic style and amorphous prose poetry. They break the traditional rhyme and rhyme rules, and are replaced by the musicality of language itself to express instant impressions or emotional appeal. Symbolists believe that the impression or sentiment of an instant is intangible, and it is impossible to convey this sentiment in words, and it is useless to use the meter of poetry. It is only expressed by the voice itself, not by the lexical meaning of Song Ci. They oppose rhetoric, abandon the shackles of the form of pleasantries, and advocate flexible arrangement of pace, frustration and rhyme according to the needs of the poet's expression of thoughts and feelings. This led to the emergence of modern free poetry. Therefore, the liberalization of poetic meter is an important feature of symbolism and a great contribution to modern poetry.