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English translation materials needed in media papers
Mass media is a term used to refer to a part of media specially conceived and designed, and its audience is very wide, such as the population of a nation-state. It was born in the1920s, accompanied by the emergence of national broadcasting networks, large-scale newspapers and magazines, although mass media existed centuries before the term became popular. The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of news and entertainment mass media, such as newspapers, television, radio and broadcasting. In large markets, such as newspaper guild and AFTRA &; Text publisher. The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media, because now individuals have a potential exposure means, and its scale can be compared with that of mass media producers who were previously limited to specific groups. These Internet media can include TV, personal web pages, podcasts and blogs.

Some critics believe that the audience constitutes a mass society with special characteristics, especially atomization or lack of social contact, which makes it particularly vulnerable to the influence of modern mass media technologies such as advertising and propaganda. The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" is widely used when discussing mass media and media bias.

history

Drama in many cultures may be the earliest mass media, which can be traced back to the ancient world. The earliest known printed book is the Diamond Sutra, which was printed in China in 868 AD, although it is obvious that the book was printed earlier. China invented movable type clay type in 104 1. However, due to the slow spread of mass culture in China and the relatively high price of paper, the earliest mass print media may be the European popular print about 1400. Despite the huge number of these prints, few early samples survived, and even most of the known prints before 1600 years did not survive. Johannes Gutenberg printed his first book on a movable type printing machine in 1453. This invention changed the way the world accepted printed materials, although books were still too expensive to be called mass media for at least a century.

Newspapers developed around 16 12, and the first English example appeared in 1620 [2]; But they didn't come into direct contact with the public until the 19th century.

In the 20th century, the development of mass media was driven by technology that allowed mass reproduction of materials. Physical reproduction technologies such as printing, record suppression and film reproduction enable books, newspapers and films to be copied to a large number of audiences at low prices. Radio and television allowed electronic reproduction of information for the first time.

Mass media has the economics of linear reproduction: the profit of a work is directly proportional to the number of copies sold. With the increase of sales volume, the unit cost decreases and the profit rate further increases. Mass media will bring great wealth. In a democratic society, the role of independent media is to educate the public/voters about issues related to government and business entities (see media influence). Some people think that the concentration of media ownership is a serious threat to democracy.

[Edit] Timeline

C 1400: the appearance of popular prints in Europe.

1453: Johannes Gutenberg printed the Bible with his printing press, so that many people in the Renaissance could get books for free.

1620: the first English newspaper.

1825: Nicéphore Niépce took the first permanent photo.

1830: Telegraph developed independently in Britain and America.

1876: Alexander Graham Bell calls for the first time.

1878: Thomas Alva Edison applied for a patent for phonograph.

1890: The first jukebox at the Royal Salon Palace in San Francisco.

1890: Telephone lines have been installed in Manhattan.

1894: Thomas Edison obtained a patent for a movie camera and a movie projector, which was invented by william kennedy laurie dickson in his laboratory.

1895: August and Louis Lumiere invented the movie camera based on Edison's patented movie camera.

1896: Hollerith founded watchmaking company. It will become IBM in 1924.

1897: Guillermo Marconi obtained the patent of wireless telegraph.

1898: The loudspeaker was invented.

1902: The Daily Nation was founded in Kenya.

1906: The Story of Kelly Gang in Australia is the first feature-length film in the world.

1909: RMS Republic, a magnificent white-star passenger ship, was in distress at sea using Marconi wireless technology. She was in a car accident. This is the first "breaking news" mass media event.

19 12: airmail begins.

19 13: Edison moved from cylinder recording to CD-ROM which is easier to copy.

The portable phonograph has been made.

19 15: The wireless phone transmits sound from Virginia to the Eiffel Tower.

A tunable radio was invented.

Shortwave radio invented.

1920: KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh, USA, became the first commercial radio station in the world.

1922: BBC was founded and broadcast to London.

1924: KDKA has made a short-wave radio transmitter.

1925: BBC broadcasts to most parts of Britain.

1926: NBC was established.

1927: Jazz Singer: The first movie with sound was released.

1927: Philo Jason farnsworth introduces the first electronic TV system for the first time.

1928: Teletypewriter came out.

Edward Armstrong invented FM radio.

1935: The first telephone in the world.

1936: BBC launched the world's first regular (then defined as at least 200 lines) HDTV service.

1938: The War of the World was broadcast on1October 30th, which caused a large-scale hysteria.

1939: Western Union launched a coast-to-coast fax service.

1939: The United States began regular electronic television broadcasting.

America invented the tape recorder.

1940: The first commercial TV station WNBT (now WNBC TV) /New York signed a contract to broadcast.

1948: The United States began to provide cable TV.

The first color TV went on sale.

1957: the artificial satellite is launched and sends back signals from near-earth orbit.

1959: Xerox made the first copier.

1960: American balloon Echo I reflects radio signals back to Earth.

1962: Telstar satellite transmitted an image across the Atlantic Ocean.

1963: Philips of the Netherlands invented a cassette recording tape, which was used as the medium of dictation machine.

1963: Martin Luther king delivered a speech entitled "I have a dream".

1965: Vietnam War became the first war televised.

1967: Newspapers and magazines began to produce digitally.

1968: Philips c cassette was introduced as a music recording tape.

1969: The first man landing on the moon was broadcast to 600 million people around the world.

ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet.

197 1: Intel launches microprocessor.

1972: "Pong" became the first popular video game.

1973: Philips Europe introduced the first home video cassette recorder.

1975:MITS Altair 8800 became the first pre-assembled desktop computer in the market.

1976: JVC introduced VHS video, which became the standard consumption format in 1980' s. 1990s。

1979:NTT launches commercial mobile phone service for the first time in Japan.

1980: CNN is launched in the United States.

1980: The new york Times, The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones put the news database online.

198 1:IBM personal computer was launched on August 2, 2008. MTV launched in the United States

1982: Philips and Sony put CDs on the Japanese market. It entered the American market at the beginning of the following year.

1984: Apple Macintosh launched.

1985: CDs are on sale. Toshiba of Japan launched the first notebook computer. The pay channel is open.

1987: Japanese digital audio tape technology is listed in the United States and western Europe at the same time.

Tim Berners-Lee publicly released the World Wide Web (WWW) at CERN.

1993: CERN announced that WWW will be available to anyone for free. The first advertisement appeared on the Internet.

1994: Because of its graphical interface, Mosaic became the first popular World Wide Web browser.

1996: The first batch of DVD players and CDs went on sale in Japan. Tornado is the first DVD movie.

1997: Nokia Communicator smartphone was launched in Finland, which is the first mobile phone in the world that fully supports the internet and provides complete email service on the mobile phone.

1998: With the appearance of ringtones, the first downloadable mobile phone content appeared in Finland.

1999: Napster contributes to the popularization of MP3. I-Mode of NTT DoCoMo, the first mobile Internet service provider, was launched in Japan.

2000: Mobile phone advertising first appeared in Finland. Japan's J-Phone launched its first camera phone.

The news report of 200 1:9/ 1 1 was broadcast live to many people all over the world. BlackBerry is listed in Canada. MainosTV3 news in Finland released mobile video content for the first time.

2004: howard dean is the first presidential candidate to create a blog. Citizen news invented by Ohmy News in Korea.

2005: Media forms began to merge. The first mobile radio and television service was launched in TU Media, South Korea. News subtitles first appeared on the standby screen of Japanese mobile phones.

2006: Public meeting to help define the "natural" label.

[Edit] Purpose

Mass media can be used for various purposes:

Advocating for business and social issues. This may include advertising, marketing, publicity, public relations and political communication.

Enrich and educate.

Entertainment, traditionally through performances, music and sports, and easy reading; Since the late 20th century, video and computer games have also been used.

Public service announcement.

[Editor] Claiming the negative characteristics of mass media

Another description of the mass media is the central media, which means:

Can't transfer tacit knowledge (or maybe only bad tacit knowledge). Corporate publicity.

Manipulating large crowds through the media for the benefit of specific political parties and/or people.

Marshall mcluhan, one of the biggest critics in the history of media, put forward the viewpoint that "media is information".

Political or other bias in favor of someone, the result or solution of an event.

This view of central media can be contrasted with horizontal media, such as e-mail network, in which the information is slightly different and spread through the horizontal diffusion process.

[editor] journalism

Journalism is a subject that collects, analyzes, verifies and presents information about current events, trends, problems and people. People who work in journalism are called journalists.

News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as "the first draft of history" (thanks to Phil Graham) because journalists often record important events and produce news articles in a short period of time. Although news media organizations are under pressure to take the lead in reporting, they usually edit and proofread their own reports before publishing, and abide by the accuracy, quality and style standards of each organization. Many news organizations claim to have a glorious tradition of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics question holding the media itself accountable.

[Editor] Public relations

Public relations is the art and science of managing the communication between an organization and its main public in order to establish, manage and maintain its positive image. Examples include:

Companies use marketing public relations (MPR) to convey information about their products or services to potential customers to support their direct selling efforts. Usually, they support short-term and long-term sales and build and polish the company's brand for a strong and sustainable market.

Enterprises also use public relations as a tool to contact legislators and other politicians and seek favorable tax, supervision and other treatment. They can also use public relations to shape themselves into enlightened employers to support human resource recruitment plans.

Non-profit organizations, including schools and universities, hospitals, and human and social service organizations, use public relations to support publicity plans, fund-raising plans, employee recruitment, and increase sponsorship for their services.

Politicians use public relations to attract votes and raise funds. When the ballot box is successful, they publicize and maintain their services in the office, focusing on the next election, or at the end of their careers, focusing on their legacy.

[Editor] Citizen News

In 2004, with the launch of Ohmy News Online Daily, citizen journalism was born in Korea. Today, more than 90% of the content of Ohmy News comes from citizen journalists, with more than 5 1 000 registered citizen journalists, and it has become one of the most popular and reliable news sources in Korea. Citizen news service has been launched in more than a dozen other countries.

[Edit] Form

Electronic media and print media include:

Radio in a narrow sense refers to radio and television.

Various types of disks or tapes. In the 20th century, these were mainly used for music. Video and computer use followed closely.

Movies, most commonly used for entertainment, are also used for documentaries.

Internet has many uses, but it also brings opportunities and challenges. Blogs and podcasts, such as news, music, pre-recorded voice and video)

Publishing, in a narrow sense, means on paper, mainly through books, magazines and newspapers.

Video games have developed into a form of mass media since sophisticated devices such as PlayStation 3, XBox 360 and Wii have broadened their uses.

Mobile phones are often called the seventh mass media, which are used to quickly release breaking news and entertainment short films, such as jokes, constellations, alarms, games, music and advertisements.

The number of words exceeds the limit. . .