This page is part of the appendix of the scientific journal published in 1930, which shows Einstein's attempt to unify all the basic forces into a set of equations.
According to a statement from the university, the newly discovered page is part of an appendix attached by Einstein to a scientific article on unified field theory in 1930, which unifies all the basic forces of nature into a set of equations.
According to this statement, documents and notes that were previously thought to have been lost have never been seen or studied since they were originally submitted. Hebrew University recently discovered the long-lost notes from the 1 10 manuscript page archives collected by private collectors in North Carolina. Many new pages have never been shown to the public before, including 84 pages of mathematical calculations written from 1944 to 1948, and some letters to Einstein's friends and family.
1935, Einstein wrote a letter to his son Hans Albert, expressing his concern about the rising Nazi sentiment in Europe. Einstein wrote: "I read a movement instigated by German robbers with some worries." "But I believe that even in Germany, the situation is slowly beginning to change. We just hope that there will be no war first. "
Hebrew University was founded in 19 18, and Einstein was one of its founders. After his death in 1955, Einstein left his personal and scientific works to the university archives, which now has more than 80,000 pieces of Einstein's cultural relics.
For centuries, researchers have tried to describe all the basic forces of nature and how they interact in a single theory. Einstein has studied this theory for many years.
In physics, a field is an area affected by some force, such as gravity or electromagnetic force. Field theory refers to the causes of physical phenomena and how these phenomena interact with nature.
These four basic forces are:
James clerk maxwell, a Scottish physicist, founded the first field theory about electromagnetism in the middle of19th century. Then at the beginning of the 20th century, Einstein speculated that his general theory of relativity was related to the theory of gravitational field.
Einstein tried to develop a unified field theory in the 1920s, but he was hindered because he only knew part of the force at that time. Although electromagnetism and gravity have been fully understood, the study of atoms is still in the primary stage. At that time, electrons and protons were the only known subatomic particles.
Einstein used the work of other scientists to divide time and space into five dimensions as the basis. Specifically, Einstein's research on time and space will occupy four dimensions, and another set of equations (Maxwell's electromagnetic equations) will be the fifth dimension.
Einstein's first paper on this theory was published in 1922, which echoed the works published by Karuzaklein in 192 1 year. In the last thirty years of his life, Einstein tried two methods to develop the unified field theory, but none of them succeeded. The day before his death, he even asked to bring his notes to him.
One of the limitations of Einstein's work is firstly his rejection, and then his ignorance of quantum theory. Even today, it is difficult for scientists who are familiar with quantum theory to put forward a unified theory.
There are many methods under consideration, and the most promising one involves string theory. The theory is described as "all elementary particles are described as vibrating strings, and different vibration modes produce different particles."
In the 1980s, physicists came to the conclusion that string theory works because of its vibration, which is similar to the way a violin plays different notes. Theoretically, different vibrations in nature will produce different particles. In the mid-1990s, edward witten put forward a more accurate string theory, which is now called M theory. He expanded the dimension of string theory from six dimensions to seven dimensions.
The work in this field is developing rapidly, but researchers are trying to understand more physical properties of strings by studying subatomic particles produced in particle accelerators (such as the Large Hadron Collider). In other directions, the LHC experiment aims to discover supersymmetry, or the mathematical characteristics of hypothesis.
Physicists warn that the weakness of string theory has not been confirmed by data. There are other methods to unify the field theory, such as quantum gravity, which tries to describe gravity in quantum terms.