A Review of Papers on Basic Education Reform —— On Basic Education Reform from the Perspective of Educational Laws
Based on the law of education, this paper analyzes the reasons for the balance between the current hot issues of basic education and the inclusive issues of preschool education, and puts forward some suggestions for the reform of basic education according to the ideas of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on deepening the comprehensive reform in the field of education.
Keywords: education law, hot issues of basic education reform
China Library Classification Number: G423.07 Document Identification Number: A
Basic education is an important system in the education system, and it also follows the laws of education. To discuss the hot issues of basic education, we should start from the law of education, so we must first know what the law of education is.
1 education law
Educational law refers to the essential and inevitable relationship between various elements related to education and their development trends. On the understanding of the laws of education, we basically recognize two basic laws of education: education and social development restrict each other; Education and people's physical and mental development are interdependent. From these two laws, we can see that the law of education includes two parts: the internal cause and the external cause of educational activities. The external cause is macroscopic and the internal cause is microscopic. The understanding of educational laws here can be understood from two aspects: external laws and internal laws.
1. 1 external method
What is the basic content of the external law of education? Education and social development restrict each other? . The society here mainly refers to the political, economic and cultural aspects of society. Development means that education and society develop and promote each other, and mutual restriction means mutual cause and effect.
1. 1. 1 education and politics
Education serves politics, and politics determines the direction, content, management and trend of education. The development of education also promotes political development, and democratic education forms democratic politics. Education has changed social stratification. Education is to transform individuals from the lower level to the middle level. Generally speaking, education changes the fate of life, and education contains wealth, which is a reflection of education changing social stratification.
1. 1.2 education and economy
The development of economy restricts the development of education, and what kind of education there is based on what kind of economy. The development of education can promote the development of economy. Rejuvenate the country through science and education? This strategy embodies the content that education promotes economic development.
1. 1.3 education and culture
Education and culture are mutual goals, integrated and inseparable. Culture is the content of education, education is a kind of cultural inheritance, and the development of education also promotes the development of culture. ? Love the motherland? It is inherited from China culture, mainly from school education. Is the content of school education, and the purpose of school education is? Love the motherland? Instill it in everyone's mind and develop this culture into various fields. Therefore, culture and education are inseparable.
1.2 internal method
What is the main content of the inherent law of education? Education and people's physical and mental development restrict each other? . People are the educated and the object of education. The development of human body and mind determines the goal, content and method of education, so the inherent law of education can be said to be the relationship between the object of education and the goal, content and method of education. In addition, the educational goal determines the educational content.
1.2. 1 educational objects, educational objectives, contents and methods
The physical and mental development of the object of education determines what kind of education should be carried out. Physical and mental development includes two aspects, namely, the physical development and psychological development of the object. Physiological development is mainly the development of individual's body and brain. If an individual does not have a certain physiological basis, then he is not qualified to receive some kind of education. If the brain does not develop to a certain stage, then it has no concept of space. Gesell? Twin experiment? It also shows that physical maturity is more important than training. Psychological development refers to individual cognition and personality. Cognition is mainly related to physiological development. Personality refers to one's personality and hobbies. Confucius has an important educational thought. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude? In other words, education should be carried out according to students' personality characteristics. Therefore, the object of education determines the goal, content and method of education.
1.2.2 educational objectives and contents
When the corresponding educational goals are determined, the educational content is also clearly defined, and the goals determine the educational content. Educational goals include the goals set by educational objects and the goals of educators. Educators set educational goals according to the characteristics of educational objects, and educational objects set their own goals according to their own expectations and characteristics, so educational goals are multifaceted.
2 hot issues in basic education
Before discussing the hot issues of basic education, we should make clear what is basic education. UNESCO has defined and demonstrated the basic education, holding that the basic education is the minimum knowledge, viewpoints, social norms and experience provided to and possessed by everyone, and its purpose is to enable everyone to give full play to their potential, creativity and critical spirit, so as to realize their ambitions and happiness, become beneficial citizens and producers, and make contributions to their social development.
In the description of basic education, Yao Wenjun (20 12) described basic education from several aspects: From a substantive point of view, should basic education lay the foundation for students' future development or lifelong development? ; Structurally, basic education is a key part of the whole education system, right? Lay the foundation for higher education? ; Functionally, basic education is the foundation of the development of the whole society and country? .
From the description of basic education, we can see that basic education should be the education that individuals receive before the age of fifteen or sixteen, including preschool education, primary education and junior high school education, among which primary and junior high school education is compulsory in China and has been basically popularized in China.
2. 1 balance of basic education
The balance of basic education mainly includes the balance between regions, between urban and rural areas and between schools.
Although China has achieved the popularization of compulsory education and the fairness of education enrollment, the quality of compulsory education between different regions and between urban and rural areas is unbalanced, that is, the process of compulsory education is unfair. The reason for this phenomenon is the extreme imbalance of economic development between regions and between urban and rural areas. The eastern coastal areas (continued from page 19) (continued from page 17) are economically developed, so they have invested more in education and improved the quality of education. However, the western region and rural areas are underdeveloped, with less investment in education and relatively low quality of education. The balance between schools is mainly the inequality between famous schools and ordinary schools. Famous schools have strong teachers, so the teaching quality is higher than that of ordinary schools. The unfairness between schools is mainly manifested in early childhood education. At present, although there are many kindergartens, they still emerge as the times require. Is it hard to find kindergarten places? The main reason is that most people generally prefer public kindergartens, because the supporting facilities and teaching quality of public kindergartens are high and the fees are relatively cheap. As for the general private kindergartens, they are neglected because of the quality of teaching.
2.2 Inclusiveness of early childhood education
The inclusive problem of early childhood education can be divided into urban children's admission and rural children's admission. The difficulty of urban children entering the park is gradually changing, but it will take a long time to achieve the goal of equality. In many rural areas, there are no formal kindergartens, and preschool education is generally oriented to parents or preschool education, but these are not a complete system, and some parents don't even have these awareness. The main reason why preschool education generally benefits is that preschool education in China is not compulsory at present, it belongs to the charging stage, and the cost is not low. In developed areas, the cost of attending kindergarten is enough for a college student, while in underdeveloped areas, the cost of attending kindergarten is quite high.
3 Countermeasures and suggestions for reform
In the report of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee? Should we deepen the comprehensive reform in the field of education? . In the subsequent "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reform", it was pointed out that? Vigorously promote education equity, improve the financial aid system for students with financial difficulties, build an effective mechanism to expand the coverage of quality education resources by means of information technology, and gradually narrow the gap between regions, urban and rural areas and schools. Coordinate the balanced allocation of compulsory education resources in urban and rural areas, implement the standardization construction of public schools and the exchange of posts between principals and teachers, and set up no key classes in key schools to solve the problem of school selection, treat both the symptoms and root causes, and reduce the academic burden of students. Promote the reform and development of preschool education, special education and continuing education. We will improve the systems of government subsidies, government purchase of services, student loans, fund incentives and donation incentives, and encourage social forces to set up education. ?
It can be seen from the decision that the government has put forward some reform countermeasures for the balance of basic education, but according to the relationship between education and economy in the law of education, it can be seen that the balance of education cannot be fundamentally changed without changing the investment in education economy in backward areas.
3. 1 Set up special funds
In addition to education funds, the state has also set up special funds to improve the quality of basic education in backward areas. Local governments should also set up special funds to narrow the gap between rural and urban areas in basic education. The use of funds can be entrusted to non-governmental organizations for management, and what the state needs is to supervise the use of funds.
3.2 Encourage private kindergartens and strengthen the supervision of private schools.
The government encourages private kindergartens in policy and economy, and at the same time, it is necessary to strengthen supervision over the quality of running private kindergartens. The education department has established a set of reward and punishment measures for the quality of private kindergartens to encourage high-quality preschool education.
3.3 Establish a contact mechanism
The establishment of assistance mechanism refers to the establishment of links between eastern and western cities, between urban and rural areas and between schools, and the establishment of a platform for more exchanges. On this platform, leaders, teachers and students can flow, learn more excellent experiences and develop basic education in backward areas rapidly.
refer to
[1] Korea. On the law of education [J]. Journal of Jilin University, 2008(6).
[2] Wu Quanhua. The way of understanding the law of education and the characteristics of the law of education [J]. Educational Theory and Practice, 2004(2).
[3] literature. Reflections on the study of educational laws [J]. Journal of Hubei Institute of Education, 2005(4).
[4] Yao Wenjun. Talking about basic education? Base? [J]。 Forum on Basic Education, 20 12( 1).