1. Malaria
Malaria is an acute parasitic infectious disease caused by Anopheles bite and plasmodium infection. Worldwide, as many as 300-500 million people are infected every year, and the death toll is between 65.438+0-30 thousand, most of them are children. Malaria, together with AIDS and tuberculosis, is listed as one of the three major dangerous diseases by WHO. Although antimalarial drugs have saved millions of lives, some malaria has developed drug resistance, and after decades of research, no malaria vaccine has been officially approved, so the road of antimalarial drugs is still arduous and long.
2. Yellow fever
Yellow fever is the first acute viral infectious disease discovered by human beings, and it is also the first confirmed disease transmitted by mosquitoes (mainly Aedes mosquitoes). The disease was first discovered in Yucatan Peninsula in 1648, and it is called American plague. Later, it brought devastating epidemics in many parts of the world, such as 1793 yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, USA, which killed15 of the urban population. From 65438 to 0907, the international health convention listed yellow fever as an international quarantine infectious disease after smallpox, plague and cholera, which shows its great harm. However, with the efforts of South African virologist Max Tyrell and others, the history of yellow fever finally ended, and he won the 195 1 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
3. Dengue fever
Aedes is also an important mosquito species that spreads dengue fever. The disease was found in Cairo, Egypt, Jakarta, Indonesia and Philadelphia, USA on 1779. It was named joint fever and fracture fever according to the symptoms, and 1869 was dengue fever. Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus. Every year, 400 million people around the world are infected with dengue virus due to mosquito bites.
About 22,000 people died, and children in Southeast Asia suffered greatly. In 20 15, Brazil, Philippines and Mexico approved the world's first dengue vaccine, and the effect needs to be fully tested.
4. Chikungunya fever
Chikungunya fever and dengue fever are the same vector-mainly Aedes mosquitoes, with similar symptoms. The epidemic situation of the disease was first diagnosed in Tanzania in 1952, and the virus was isolated in 1956. Since 2004, the spread of this virus has expanded rapidly, and it has continued to spread in Asia and Africa, and spread to the Indian Ocean Islands, America and the Caribbean and surrounding areas.
5. Zika disease
Since 20 15 and 10, the suspected cases of microcephaly in newborns reported in Brazil have increased sharply. After the health department confirmed that Zika virus existed in a dead baby and the baby was born with genetic diseases such as microcephaly, it was considered that Zika virus was related to microcephaly. Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus, which is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It was first discovered in Uganda rhesus monkeys through the jungle yellow fever monitoring network in 1947, and was diagnosed in Uganda and Tanzania in 1952. Zika virus infection in adults is generally harmless, but the virus will "penetrate" the placental barrier and interfere with the neural development system of the fetus, leading to fetal abortion, microcephaly and even death.
6. West Nile fever
West Nile virus was first isolated in West Nile region of Uganda in 1937, hence its name. Since then, it has been found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, West Asia and Central Asia, Oceania and North America. As the main host of virus, birds promote the long-distance and rapid spread of diseases, and mosquito bites are the main cause of human infection. According to a study of 20 12, mosquitoes not only act as a medium from infected animals to people, but also directly spread the virus itself. Several species of Culex pipiens have been proved to be the main culprits in spreading West Nile virus.
7. Japanese encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis, also known as Japanese encephalitis, was discovered in Japan in 1934, mainly distributed in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Culex pipiens, Aedes and some Anopheles mosquitoes spread Japanese encephalitis, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the main vector. There are two main ways for mosquitoes to transmit pathogens: biological transmission and mechanical transmission, and the transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus belongs to the former. After the virus enters the mosquito, it first proliferates in the intestine, then spreads to the salivary gland, and then spreads to people or animals after being bitten.
8. Filariasis
In addition to several species of Anopheles and Aedes, Culex pipiens is the main vector for filariasis transmission. Filarias take mosquitoes as intermediate hosts, and larvae develop in mosquitoes. When mosquitoes bite and suck blood, mature infected larvae escape from their beaks, invade the final host, and then develop into adults. Filariasis is parasitic in human lymphatic system and muscle tissue, causing swelling of limbs or other parts, so filariasis is also called "elephantiasis".
The original text comes from the encyclopedia of knowledge.
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