It is a necessary additional part of modern scientific papers, and only short articles can be omitted. Readers should not only master the vast ocean of information as much as possible, but also face their limited energy, which is an effective means to solve contradictions. According to the definition of GB6447-86, an abstract is a short article that concisely and accurately describes the important contents of a document, with the purpose of providing a summary of the contents of the document without comments or supplementary explanations. There are two basic writing methods: report summary-a concise summary (also called introduction) indicating the subject scope and content outline of a document; Indicative summary-a brief description of the theme of the document and the nature and level of its achievements. In between is the report/indicative summary-the part of the document with high information value is expressed in the form of report summary, and the rest is expressed in the form of indicative summary. General scientific papers should be written as reportable abstracts as far as possible, while comprehensive, informative or critical articles can be written as indicative or reportable/indicative abstracts. It should be concise, and its details depend on the contents of the document. Chinese abstracts are generally less than 400 words, and purely indicative abstracts can be shorter and should be controlled at about 200 words (GB6447-86 stipulates that 400 words is generally appropriate for reportable abstracts and report/indicative abstracts; Generally speaking, the indicative abstract is about 200 words. GB77 13-87 stipulates that Chinese abstracts should generally not exceed 200~300 words; Foreign language abstracts should not exceed 250 real words. In case of special needs, the number of words can be slightly more). For documents written in languages other than English, Russian, German, Japanese and French, the abstracts may be appropriately detailed. Dissertations and other documents have certain particularity, and can be written as variant abstracts for review, which is not limited by the number of words. Writing should be objective and true, and the author's subjective opinions, explanations and comments should not be mixed. If a document is found to have errors in principle, it can be marked with "Picker's Notes". It should be self-evident and have the same amount of information as a document, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the document. Therefore, the abstract is a complete essay that can be quoted. [Notes for writing abstract]: ① Exclude the contents that have become common sense in this subject field; (2) Don't simply repeat the information already expressed in the title of the article; (3) The structure is rigorous, the meaning is exact, the expression is concise, and it is done in one go. Generally, it is not segmented or strives for fewer paragraphs; Avoid making empty comments and draw ambiguous conclusions. Articles that are inconclusive can be briefly discussed in the abstract. ④ Use the third person instead of "author" and "we" as the subject of the summary statement; ⑤ Standardized terminology should be adopted. If it has not been standardized, the principle is to use disposable literature. If there is no suitable Chinese translation of the new term, you can use the original text or the translation name with brackets to represent the original text; ⑥ Don't use charts, tables or chemical structures, and abbreviations, abbreviations and codes that are difficult for neighboring professional readers to clearly understand. If it is really necessary, it must be stated when the abstract first appears; (8) Necessary commodity names shall be marked with scientific names. Of course, legal units of measurement should be used and standard words and punctuation should be written correctly. See GB6447-86 for writing requirements. Introduction (preface, preface, summary) is often used as the beginning of a paper, which mainly answers the question of "why". This paper briefly introduces the background of the topic, the history and present situation of previous studies in related fields (sometimes called literature review), and the author's intention and analysis basis, including the pursuit goal, research scope and the choice of theoretical and technical schemes. The introduction should be concise and to the point, and should not be equated with the abstract, or become a note of the abstract. Introduction: Don't elaborate on the familiar knowledge of peers, including the basic theories, experimental methods and the derivation of basic equations already mentioned in textbooks; Unless it is a dissertation, in order to reflect the author's research and so on, more detailed literature review paragraphs are allowed.