Martial arts in the Tang Dynasty mainly tested weightlifting, riding and shooting, stepping and shooting, carbine and other techniques. In addition, there are also requirements for the appearance of candidates, and they should be "majestic in trunk and able to be a general". The Song Dynasty stipulated that martial arts should not only use soldiers, but also "a pair of strategies". Sun Wu's The Art of War asked questions. In the Ming dynasty, it was changed to "strategy first, martial arts second". If you fail the written test, you can't refer to the martial arts test. I took three questions, two questions, and the other question was about four books. Later, the titles of the four books were all changed to Jason Wu's Dictation. Wushu test requires at least three shots of nine arrows and at least five shots of nine arrows. In the Qing dynasty, it was changed to try to shoot with horse stance, and the horse shot six arrows twice, and the three arrows in the middle were combined. Five of the nine arrows in the step are merged. Then compare strength, including pulling a hard bow, dancing a knife and lifting stones. Bow is divided into eight forces, ten forces and twelve forces; Knife score 80, 100, 120 kg; Stones are divided into 200, 250 and 300 Jin. Only those who pass the exam will take the written test.
Before the Song Dynasty, there was no "martial arts champion". The first martial arts champion was Yi Xue from Fujian, who was born in Song Shenzong. Later, he fought against Xixia and died. Famous military commanders who were born with martial arts in history include Guo Ziyi in the Tang Dynasty (the martial arts of Xuanzong in the early years of Tang Dynasty were different). ) and Xu of the Northern Song Dynasty (born a scholar, later abandoned martial arts, awarded the champion of martial arts) and so on. The Wushu system in the history of China was founded in the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (700), Wu Zetian "declared martial arts to all states in the world" and decided to hold an examination for all warriors every year under the auspices of the Ministry of War, and those who passed the examination were awarded Wu Zhi. It is generally believed that this is the formal introduction of "Wu Ju" or "Wu Ke" in Chinese imperial examination system. Since then, the martial arts examination has been inherited by most feudal dynasties and has become an important system for feudal countries to recruit personnel from the army.
The martial arts in the Tang Dynasty paid attention to skill and courage, and all of a sudden focused on marksmanship, but the whole system was not complete enough, which can only be said to be the creation period of martial arts. Since the Song Dynasty, Wushu has been included in the whole imperial examination system, and three groups of examination procedures and methods, namely, outfield Wushu and infield strategy, have been determined, thus standardizing the Wushu system. It is impossible for the Yuan Dynasty to abolish martial arts. Wushu flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Qing Dynasty.
The creation of martial arts in Ming Dynasty was very early, but the system has not been determined. It was not until the 14th year of Chenghua (1478) that a martial arts township was established and an examination was held, taking liberal arts as an example, according to the suggestion of eunuch Wang Zhi. In the sixth year of Hongzhi (1493), he decided to try martial arts for six years, and the strategy was first, then the horse bow. People who fail in strategy are not allowed to test horses. Later, it was changed to try every three years. The content of the exam is mainly the bow and arrow and strategy test. At the end of Wanli, there was a discussion about implementing reform. Some courtiers advocated the establishment of a "military general department" to test martial arts from the beginning, including "horse stance just look" and methods such as guns, knives, swords, halberds, fists and thorns. Two experimental battalions, mines, gunpowder, chariots, etc. Each of these three games is familiar with the art of war, astronomy and geography. Obviously, this is a far-sighted proposal, but unfortunately it didn't attract the attention of the court, just saying it, otherwise it will have a far-reaching historical impact. ② In the fourth year of Chongzhen, only Wang Laibing and Xu Yanqi were able to transport a hundred catties of broadsword among the candidates who participated in the Wushu competition. After the list was published, Xu Yanqi was unknown on the list and the discussion heated up. At that time, Emperor Chongzhen, who was determined to emphasize martial arts, thought that someone was cheating. He went to prison and dismissed a large number of examiners, censors and other officials, and ordered Ni and Fang Fengnian to preside over the second interview. After the second interview, according to the examples in the article list, select 100 people for a banquet. Chongzhen personally read the top 30 papers, and the court appointed three people. Wang Lai was hired as the first, that is, the champion Wu, and was awarded the position of deputy commander. There is no court examination in martial arts in the Ming Dynasty, and there is no distinction between the first, second and third grades and the name of the third grade. There is an official martial arts champion, and Wang Laibing is the first person. (3) Most of the martial arts in Ming Dynasty were inherited by Yin Shi, and those who started with martial arts were only a supplementary form. So there are not many martial arts in Ming Dynasty. It is worth mentioning that Xiong Tingbi, a famous minister in the late Ming Dynasty, was a rare all-rounder in civil and military affairs. "History of the Ming Dynasty" originally said that he was "seven feet long, brave and knowledgeable, and good at shooting around." According to Wang Yingkui of A Qing, Xiong Qianbi won the first place in Huguang Wuxiang, a branch of Wanli, and then abandoned martial arts. In Wanli period, Ding You (25 years, 1597) won the first place in Huguang Township Examination and will be a scholar next year. "So the list went to court: there are three yuan in the world, and there are no two solutions in the world." This is indeed a unique thing in history.
The situation in the Qing Dynasty was very different. From the system point of view, it basically follows the late Ming Dynasty, and the examination procedures and methods have not changed much, but the degree of attention greatly exceeds that of the Ming Dynasty. Although the military attaché s in Qing Dynasty still took the official background as the "right path", the imperial examination took the second place, but more and more people came from the imperial examination, accounting for a large proportion in the military. Coupled with the vigorous advocacy of feudal countries, the system is increasingly strict and the admission is relatively fair. Therefore, folk martial arts practitioners are eager for martial arts exams. Wushu in Qing dynasty provided a large number of talents for the country, among which many outstanding figures were produced.
The examinations in Qing Dynasty were conducted in four grades according to the list order.
One: The children's test was conducted in the county government, and the winner was Wu Xiucai. Two: it will be held in the provincial capital after the provincial examination, and the examinee is Wu. The exam was held in Beijing, and the winner was Wu Jinshi. Four: palace examination, who passed the examination and obtained the qualification of Wu Jinshi, was divided into three classes by palace examination (also known as Shi Ting), and was called the "top three". A Jia is the top three, and the first place is Wu Zhuangyuan; The second is Wu Bangyan; All three are martial men. The top three were called "Ding Jia" and were awarded the qualification of "Wudihe". More than a dozen people were awarded the qualification of "backstage for Wu Jinshi". The following are the top three, and they are awarded the qualification of "the same clan as Wu Jinshi". The specifications of the court examination are very high. Generally, the emperor takes the exam himself. After the entrance examination was announced, the hall of supreme harmony called the roll, and the list was hung outside the West Chang 'an Gate, giving the top scholar Wu Jiazhou. Then patrol the camp to escort the champion Wu to the first place to show off his honor. The next day, a grand "trial banquet" was held at the Ministry of War, including the armor and broadsword of the champion Wu. Awarded to scholars and silver respectively. In the Qing Dynasty, there were great differences in the grades of Kejia, who were also Wu Jinshi, but the grades and honors of the first, second and third armor were quite different. The natural champion made a splash. Within three days after he won the third place, he could be dressed in red and praised in the streets. This is really the so-called spring breeze, full of scenery.
After the court examination, the Ministry of War usually awarded the official position immediately. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Xu Bing was the first division of martial arts in Qing Dynasty. At that time, it was stipulated that the Wushu champion was awarded the right three events, the Wushu champion was awarded the right three events, and the Wushu guerrillas were awarded the right four events. The second level is a five-level garrison, and the third level is a five-level garrison. During the reign of Kangxi, there was another change, half of which was given to the battalion, which was an officer who directly led the troops, and the other half was given to the guard, which was the emperor's palace guard. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), it was stipulated that Wu Zhuangyuan was the first-class bodyguard of the imperial court, and Wu Bangyan and Tan Huawei were the second-class bodyguards. Then choose the top ten from Dimethyl and give them a third-class escort. The rest are registered in the Ministry of War and awarded garrison posts. After Yongzheng, there were still some changes in the awarding of officials to Wu Jinshi in various dynasties, but the level of awards was basically based on the customization of Kangxi dynasty, and there was not much change.
Martial arts examinations in the Qing Dynasty were generally held once every three years, and the number of students admitted to each subject was also fixed. However, in addition to regular courses, the so-called "Cohen" is often added, and a little "grace" is added to the regular amount.
This kind of "Cohen" and "favor" was directly controlled by the emperor. It is nothing more than winning the hearts of the people and absorbing more brave people to serve the rulers. The examination method is similar to that of the Ming Dynasty, which is divided into one, two and three sessions. One or two games tried the skill of bowing horses, which was called "outfield"; On the martial arts classics, called "infield". As soon as I take the test, I will shoot an arrow, and Sanma will gallop, and nine arrows will be presented. If three arrows hit the target, they are qualified. Those who fail to reach three arrows are not allowed to participate in the second game. During the Qianlong period, a horse shot "the earth", commonly known as "taking off the hat", was added to examine the shooting ability. Two exams, stepping and skill courage. Three out of nine qualified. The so-called "technical courage" actually mainly measures brawn. One * * * three items. Pull the hard bow with the head, and the bow score is 12 force, 10 force, 8 force No.3, and there are bows with 12 force or more. Candidates can choose their own bow number, limited to three times, and each time they are full. Biathlon broadsword is divided into three sizes:120kg,100kg and 80kg. To try broadsword, you must first make moves such as crossing the top of the knife from left to right and dancing flowers on the front and back chest. Knife number is optional, subject to one-time completion. The third item is to take a stone, which is specially prepared for the exam. It is rectangular, and there are places on both sides where you can dig with your fingers, but it is not deep. It is also divided into No.3, 1 300 kg, No.2, 250 kg and No.3, 200 kg. There are more than 300 kilograms of stone tablets in the examination room. Candidates choose the number of stones, ask them to hold the stone pot between their chest and abdomen, and then expose the left and right sides of the bottom of the stone pot once with the help of abdominal strength, which is called "sacrificial seal" and once is qualified. All candidates, bow, knife and stone, must have the first and second scores. Those who have the third and second scores are unqualified and disqualified from the three exams. ⑤
The third game was the examination paper, which was called "Wencheng" at that time, also called "infield", which was equivalent to the cultural examination. For most soldiers, infield examination is more difficult than outfield examination, so the examination methods have to be changed frequently. At first, it was to test strategies and discuss articles. "Strategy" is equivalent to asking questions, and "theory" is to write an argumentative paper according to the questions. Shunzhi is divided into two parts, namely, two parts of strategy and two parts of theory, and the topics are selected from four books and military books. During the Kangxi period, it was changed to one strategy and two theories. The topics are from Sun Tzu, Woods and Sima Fa, and the topics are only from The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, so the examination is less difficult. During the Qianlong period, it was changed to one question and one question, all of which were selected from the Five Classics and Seven Books. During the Jiaqing period, considering that there were too many martial artists to write, the strategies and theories tested were not up to standard, and many excellent outfielders were often defeated in the infield, they simply abandoned their strategies and theories and wrote a paragraph of seven books on the martial arts as required, usually only about 100 words. This blind accommodation makes the infield examination level lower and lower, and finally it is almost a formal existence. At that time, there was a strong tendency to discriminate against martial arts practitioners in society. After this change, Wuren was regarded as a slender Wuren by literati, and its social status was not as good as that in the early Qing Dynasty. Zhao Yi, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, wrote an account that best reflected the facts of the infield examination of martial arts, and also reflected the literati's contempt for martial arts people at that time:
"Wuwei is bow and horse martial arts, regardless of infield policy work. I tried to master the Wu Ke Township Test of Shun Tian Yi You, and its strategy was extremely ridiculous. For example, the word' once' is often used as the word' root', and the word' skin' is also often used as the word' different'. The small calligraphy and painting on the edge of the cover is so dense that it can't be clearly distinguished. It is wrong to copy. For example, if the word "country" is to be mentioned, then all places where ancient and modern place names are discussed, such as "country with many suburbs" and "national danger", will be checked. Wu Sheng's claim to be "born" should be somewhat biased by the industry, but he also put aside the words "born", "biological" and "life-threatening". This is the case. But the outfield chose the' double good' font size, so we had to choose it. Fortunately, there is no example of grinding, but I don't want to ask for it. " ⑥
In fact, Kangxi noticed that the separation of arts and military examinations was not conducive to cultivating talents with both abilities. He once asked to break the traditional boundaries in the exam, allowing civil and military students to cross the exam, allowing military examiners to change to the liberal arts champion and liberal arts candidates to the martial arts champion. Kangxi thought: "In this way, everyone must learn something, and be both civil and military, which is the real talent." ⑦ However, in the whole Qing Dynasty, there were very few candidates for the examination. The division between civil and military and the strict barriers are becoming more and more serious. Scholars are not martial, soldiers are not literate, and there are fewer and fewer talents who are both civil and military. The civil and military examination system has trained a large number of specialized talents, but it is difficult to produce generalists. It should be said that this is one of the drawbacks of the imperial examination system, and it is also one of the reasons for the increasing lack of political talents in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.
The examination method mentioned above is the first-level examination, and the examination methods of provincial examination and children's examination are basically the same as those of the senior high school entrance examination, except that the weight of the bow and knife stone in the second game is reduced accordingly, and one shot of "Ma bu" or horse stance just look is reduced to nine shots and two hits, which is qualified.
The Qing dynasty had specific regulations on the admission amount of provincial examination and general examination of martial arts. In the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), the admission quota of Wuxiang examination was about half that of Wenxiang examination, and there were about 840 students in the whole country. Among them, Hebei Province (Zhili) 108, and less than 60 in other provinces. Before the early years of Kangxi, the number of places in each exam was roughly between 200 and 100. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi, there were 100 students, and later it was stipulated that there were no places, especially those allocated by provinces. Only the examination results will be reported to the emperor, and the number of students admitted will be temporarily decided by the emperor and the examiner. At the time of discretion, we should also consider that all provinces have quotas, but A and B are only defined according to their achievements, excluding the influence of other factors. Generally, about 1000 people take the exam in each subject, sometimes as many as 2000 people. If the average number of people admitted to Jinshi is 120, then the admission ratio is almost one of ten or more people. Obviously, passing the exam is not an easy task.
During the Yongzheng period, Wu Juren, the last person to come, stipulated that the cost of going home ranged from twelve taels to four or five taels according to the distance. Most martial artists can register with the Ministry of War according to the regulations. The Ministry of War will award Wu Zhi a third-class merit according to his personal achievements, and he can also work in a military camp in this province. In short, as long as you are qualified as a martial artist, even if you have the opportunity to enter the body, you will have the opportunity to rise step by step.
The martial arts system of the Qing Dynasty is consistent with that of the Qing Empire. After the Opium War, in the frequent anti-Japanese war, it has long been exposed that military talents cannot adapt to the new war. In addition to the gap between spear and broadsword, the gap between the basic quality and military thinking is more important. However, the martial arts examination has been going on, and the ruling and opposition parties have stuck to the rules and played for several years. In the 21st year of Guangxu, Rong Lu first proposed to abolish the martial arts examination. He said: "Since the prevalence of firearms, bows and arrows have lost their advantages, and learning them is not necessary, which is similar to the disadvantages of the Eight Diagrams test. The weak end is not here. " (8) advocate the establishment of military schools in all provinces and train new soldiers with western military courses. However, Rong Lu's initiative did not get the response of most courtiers. After a delay of several years, in the 24th year of Guangxu reign, Wushu examination was held as usual-this was the last Wushu examination in the history of China. Soon, the call for reform sounded again. "Please change the old martial arts system, abandon the bow and arrow knives and stones, and try the gun." However, it still failed to implement the reform. Pet-name ruby Until the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1), Wu Tong was finally abolished. Unfortunately, it is too late. Only ten years later, the Qing Empire was declared dead.
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It is difficult to ride the iron horse in the Qing dynasty, so several emperors in the early stage attached great importance to the teaching of martial arts, and always emphasized "paying equal attention to both civil and military" and tried their best to maintain the tradition of strong martial arts in the Qing Dynasty. However, due to the continuous infiltration of China culture and the continuous implementation of the "text" policy, the wind of valuing literature over martial arts has become increasingly strong. Therefore, not only in concept, but also in actual treatment, the status of Wushu is much lower than that of liberal arts. After the publication of palace examination liberal arts, the name, birthplace and ranking of the new Jinshi should be solemnly engraved on the "Jinshi Inscription Monument", which is still well preserved in the former site of imperial academy, Beijing. In addition, there are many books published by the government and the people, such as Selected Records of the Library, Ding Jialu, Records of Inscriptions and Postscripts of Scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which can be seen almost everywhere, so the situation of liberal arts scholars in Qing Dynasty is very clear. Wushu is very different. There are neither systematic "inscriptions" nor special books. The general situation of martial arts in the whole Qing Dynasty, including the situation of martial arts Ding Jia, is often not detailed, let alone future generations, even at that time.
Fortunately, Zhu Pengshou, a close friend, made some statistics and left us a precious material. Attending and other materials, so that we have a general understanding of the situation of martial arts Ding Jia in Qing Dynasty.
In the Qing Dynasty, from the third year of Shunzhi (Xu Bing) to the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (Wuxu), there were 1 12 martial arts examinations. That is to say, a * * * has produced 112 martial arts champions, 112 second place and Hua Tan, a total of 336 martial arts top three (Ding Jia). 1 12 recorded the names of top martial arts masters, but at present only 92 people can know their native places, and the remaining 2 1 people have yet to be verified. Ninety-two martial arts champions, with the largest number in Hebei Province, * * * 32. The following are thirteen in Shandong, eight in Zhejiang, six in Jiangsu, five in Henan and Shanxi, four in Guangdong, three in Gansu and Fujian, two in Jiangxi and one in Sichuan and Shaanxi. In addition, there are six China military flags and three Manchu military flags.
This statistic is incomplete and not very accurate, but we can roughly see the differences of Wushu foundation in different provinces. The so-called martial arts foundation can be understood from two aspects, one is martial arts atmosphere, and the other is the level of culture and education. Hebei Province has the largest number of Wushu champions, and there are more Wushu champions and flower exploration than other provinces, which is inseparable from the prosperity of Wushu in Hebei Province. It is precisely because of the good foundation of martial arts in Hebei Province that the Qing Dynasty paid special attention to Hebei Province, and the number of places after the provincial examination was always much higher than that of other provinces. In Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, especially in Gansu, although the economy and culture of many ancient famous soldiers are relatively backward, they are born with "strong talents, strong courage and riding ejaculation, which is better than other provinces." ⑾ Zhang Yong, Zhao Liangdong, Wang Jinbao and Sun Sike, the famous soldiers who put down the "San Francisco Rebellion" during the Kangxi period, were all in Longyou, so the Qing Dynasty always treated Shaanxi and Gansu provinces differently. During the Shunzhi period, the number of places for Wuxiang examinations in Shaanxi and Gansu was 20 and 20 respectively, and it increased in the three generations of Kang, Yong and Gan, and both provinces increased to 50, more than many big provinces. In the Qing Dynasty, there were three top Wulin scholars in Gansu, one came second and four explored flowers, which were not small in terms of economy, culture and population. It should be pointed out that Gansu at that time included Ningxia, where three martial arts champions Zhang, Li were all in Ningxia, and three of the five runners-up and flower exploration were in Ningxia. It is an amazing phenomenon that Ningxia, with a population of less than a big county in the south of the Yangtze River, has produced six top scholars in Wulin.
Comparing the native places of the two top scholars in Qing Dynasty, we can find some interesting differences.
The liberal arts examination in Qing Dynasty was also a subject of 1 12, and the champion was 1 12. Among them, there are 49 in Jiangsu, 20 in Zhejiang, 9 in Anhui, 6 in Shandong, 4 in Hebei and Guangxi, 3 in Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Guangdong, 2 in Hunan, 0 in Jiangnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi/KLOC-0, and none in Shanxi, Gansu and Yunnan. Obviously, from the overall proportion, the number of martial arts champions is more in the north, and the number of literary champions is in the south. There are 32 military champions and only 4 literary champions in Hebei Province. In contrast, there are 49 literary champions and 6 military champions in Jiangsu province, and the northern and southern military schools have their own strengths. At least in the imperial examinations in the Qing Dynasty, this problem did exist. It should be said that the development of Shandong and Zhejiang provinces is relatively balanced, and the military and civilian foundations of these two provinces are relatively good, and the proportion of the first two subjects seems reasonable.
Judging from the proportion of ethnic groups in Wudingjia, there is no doubt that the Han nationality accounts for the vast majority, while the Hui nationality is more prominent among ethnic minorities. Hui people are famous for their bravery. Qianlong once said, "Middle-earth Muslims. Sexy and brave, Haqi's surname, every time he comes out. " Therefore, the Qing Dynasty always attached importance to selecting military talents from the Hui people. Among the top martial arts scholars, Yang Qian, a native of Jiangdu, won the first place in Wu Kangren Wuxiang Examination (Xie Yuan), and was the top martial arts scholar in Kangxi Xu Bing Branch; Gan Longding Cisco champion Hebei Renqiu Ha Panlong; Ha Tingliang, the champion of Ginseng in xian county, Hebei; Hebei Hejian Xu Bing Division Champion Bai; Ding Weike champion Shandong Ma Linqing Zhao Rui; Ma Dianjia, a native of Dengxian County, Henan Province, is the champion of Jiaqing Chen Bing Branch; Ding Dianning, a native of Yidu, Shandong Province, JOE champion; A?vagho?a map of Funing, Hebei Province, the champion of Xianfeng Renzi Family; There are at least nine, or even more, such as Zhang, the champion of Jiashou Branch in Tongzhi, Xiping, Henan Province, which needs further research. There are also a number of second place names and flower scouts. For example, Yong Zheng Ding Weike, Anhui Huaining Ma Dayong ranked second; Jiajing is ugly, controlled by Zhang Wanqing in Qixian County, Henan Province and Ma Weiyan in Guyuan, Gansu Province; Guangxu Bingzike ranks behind Xiping and Zhang Zhongxiang in Henan. Yang Qian's family is a famous family among the southern Hui people, and his brother Yang Kai is also a warrior, and the official is the magistrate of Huguang. Ha Sheng Yuan, the father of Ha Panlong, and Ha Guoxing, the son of Ha Panlong, were both born in Takeshi, and Ha Liang Ting was the younger brother of Ha Panlong. They are all local governors and generals who are good at fighting. "In the third world, you will be proud." [13] Gan Long's so-called "Harch's family must plant more plants" is what he said when praising Ha Guoxing.
Many celebrities and anecdotes appeared in Wu Ke in Qing Dynasty, some of which are worth introducing.
The highest honor of the ancient imperial examination was "monopolizing three yuan", that is, a person won three firsts: first in the provincial examination, first in the examination, and first in palace examination. For more than 200 years in the Qing Dynasty, there were only two top liberal arts scholars. One is Baiqian in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province during the Qianlong period; The other is Chen Jichang in Lingui, Guangxi during Jiaqing period. Only one person got three yuan in martial arts. This man is Wang Yu of Renhe, Zhejiang in the early Qing Dynasty. Speaking of it, Wang Yu has monopolized "four yuan" instead of three yuan. Textual research on Wuxiang, Zhejiang Province in the 12th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1639). After entering the Qing Dynasty, he joined the martial arts of the New Dynasty. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), he was named "Lian Jie Sanyuan", and in the ninth year of Shunzhi, he was named Huiyuan. Wang Yu, with his majestic appearance and unparalleled force, was very appreciated by Shunzhi and served as the company commander of Tianjin Town.
Ma Quan, the champion of martial arts, whose real name is Ma Tang, is a hero with loyal character and superior military courage. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1752), he was admitted to the third place in the First Division, namely Wu, and was awarded the title of Fujian Guerrilla. He fell in love with a colleague and had a fight with him. Some people could not resist the horse power, so they fled from the yamen to the outside of the city gate. Ma Quan rode to Cheng Hao Bridge, and the two men fought again and surrendered to Cheng Hao. Because of this, he was dismissed by the Senate and had to live in Beijing. A few years later, he changed his name to Ma Quan, re-took the Wuxiang exam in 24 years of Qianlong, and obtained the qualification of martial artist. In the second year (Geng), he participated in Wushu and palace examination, and got a first-class champion in Wushu with excellent results. When Gong Kao was in the outfield, Gan Long recognized Ma Quan, the champion of the new subject, with extraordinary skill and courage. Actually, it was several years ago. Ma Quan was terrified, eager to love talents, and even let bygones be bygones, which made Ma Quan regain the opportunity to serve the country. Later, he participated in the war to quell the Jinchuan rebellion. In the battle of MuGuoMu, he led his troops behind the house and made a heroic sacrifice. Ma Quan's experience became a popular story in Qing Dynasty. ⒁
Liu, a native of Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, was the top martial arts scholar in Jiachenke (1784) in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong. Only three years later, his younger brother Liu Guoqing won the first prize in martial arts in 52 years in Qianlong. Both brothers are top martial arts masters, which is unique in Qing Dynasty.
Tianjin in the Qing Dynasty was full of martial arts schools, and many people practiced martial arts. There are three top scholars in Wu, but all of them are in the late Qing Dynasty, that is, Xianfeng three years (1853), Wen Changyong; In the third year of Guangxu, Ding Chouke (1877) was a child in the hall; Wu Guodong (1895). In addition, there are two well-known Wulin champions: Han Qi. "Apes can shoot well, but they can't shoot empty." Wuxiang got the first place in the exam, and military commanders got the first place, and then Zhongganlong, Chen Bing and Wu Ke ranked second. Li Zi, Huai Pu, Shang Yi and Kong Wuduoli are also the first in provincial and general examinations, and the second in middle schools. The story of two people is like a masterpiece, which is a humanistic anecdote that Tianjin old people used to like to tell. ⒂
In the Qing Dynasty, there were many liberal arts candidates, regardless of their age, who were always in other places and never made progress, and it was not uncommon for them to go to the examination room in their 80 s. The Qing government usually praised such people, but only attracted more literati to spend their lives on eight-part essays. However, there is an age limit for martial arts. It is stipulated that martial arts students and generals are over 60 years old, and all localities are not allowed to send them to go through the formalities of taking the provincial and senior high school entrance examinations. In the twenty-sixth year of Daoguang (1846), there was a Wu named Fu in Anhui. At the age of 84, he took the Wuxiang exam, but he managed three games. The official who presided over the provincial examination met the emperor and conferred a title. Daoguang reported the official to the official for dismissal on the charge of "breaking the law and making false reports", and ordered "strict discussion" on all the Jinshi and governors who sent and took the examination. From the perspective of ensuring the quality of Wushu, Daoguang's treatment is not unreasonable.
As mentioned above, there are 336 top students in the martial arts department, but in fact the number of top students is full. The second person who has a vacancy with the flower detective will probably leave a vacancy when he meets someone who is really unsuitable. Of course, this situation is not much, mainly during the Daoguang period. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang, Ding Weike (1847) only took Xin Li, the champion of Hebei Jinzhou, and Jiang, the champion of Sichuan Yuejuan, to explore flowers. In the thirty years of Daoguang, only Peng Yangchun of Huayang, Sichuan and Yue Ruzhong of Jinghai, Hebei were selected as the top scholars (1850). There is only one case where Ding Gu's honor is lost for special reasons. In the Qing dynasty, after the court examination, the emperor personally announced that he was listed as the top scholar, called "biography". In the 24th year of Jiaqing, Xu (18 19) and Tanhuamei were both removed from the list due to untimely biographies, and Qin Zhongying, the second place in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, was promoted to the top spot.