The first question is what is a scientific paper? What parts should be included in the structure? Structurally, a scientific and technological paper includes nothing more than a title (occasionally subtitled), author's name and unit, abstract, key words, classification code, preface, experimental methods (or theoretical analysis and calculation methods), results and discussions, conclusions, thanks, references and other parts, and sometimes an appendix; The main parts are, of course, the title, abstract, preface, experimental methods (or theoretical analysis and calculation methods), results and discussions, and conclusions.
The second question is, among the above components of scientific papers, which part is the most difficult to write? Foreword is the most difficult to write. The key reason why the preface of scientific papers is not well written is that we can't correctly understand the important role and position of the preface in scientific papers. The questions to be answered before the introduction of scientific papers mainly include: research background (science or technology), current situation and problems, motivation (topics to be solved or goals to be achieved), necessity (what key topics need to be solved, what aspects need to be broken through, or what new materials, new effects, new functions and new applications need to be explored, and what key technologies need to be developed, etc. ), legitimacy (including innovation) and feasibility. In my opinion, as long as the above questions are clearly answered in the preface, a good scientific and technological paper will have the basic guarantee.
In fact, the writing of the preface of scientific papers should start from the inspiration stage of the research topic and the conception stage of the research plan. Among them, the usual literature accumulation or conscious literature investigation is the basis of these work. The main questions that need to be answered in the preface of scientific papers need careful literature study. Therefore, the references must be confirmed before the formal writing of the paper, and it is not possible to write the paper first and then supplement the references. It is very important to quote references correctly for the quality of papers.
In short, the beginning is always difficult. If the preface is not well written, the following writing will be full of difficulties and twists and turns; There is a preface, followed by Ma Pingchuan.
On the Writing of Scientific Papers with Postgraduates (Ⅱ) —— Also on the Accurate Description of Experimental Methods
In a scientific paper, after the preface clarifies the research background, current situation and problems, motivation, necessity, legitimacy and feasibility, the experimental method (or calculation method and theoretical method) should generally be introduced. Relatively speaking, this part of the writing is really easy, but there are still some problems that cannot be ignored. Taking the scientific papers of ceramic materials as an example, this paper focuses on the accurate description of experimental methods.
The experimental methods of scientific papers on ceramic materials need to clearly and accurately introduce the schemes and means of material preparation, structural characterization and performance evaluation. In the preparation of raw materials, raw materials (name, purity and even manufacturer), synthesis methods (solid-phase reaction method, liquid-phase method or gas-phase method) and synthesis conditions (temperature, pressure, atmosphere, time, etc. ), molding methods (uniaxial pressure molding, cold isostatic pressing molding, injection molding, vapor deposition, spin coating, etc. ) and conditions (pressure, etc. ), and the sintering or heat treatment should be clearly stated. Of course, there are differences in the description of the preparation methods of bulk ceramics and thin films. In the part of structural characterization, the characterization means (equipment name, model, manufacturer and place of origin) and experimental conditions (such as accelerating voltage of TEM) as well as the preparation methods and conditions of structural characterization samples need to be clearly stated. Performance evaluation part, evaluation means (equipment name, model, manufacturer and place of origin) and conditions, as well as preparation methods and conditions of samples for performance evaluation (such as electrode preparation, polarization treatment conditions of piezoelectric ceramics, etc.). ) it should be explained clearly. Special preparation, characterization and evaluation methods or schemes need to be introduced in more detail.
The accurate description of experimental methods is of great significance to a scientific paper in two aspects. Firstly, the background and conditions of the relevant experimental results and conclusions are clearly given, which can be used as the basis for judging whether the relevant experimental results and conclusions are reasonable or not; Of course, the scope of application of relevant laws can also be given accordingly. Secondly, when similar studies of different groups get obviously different results, we can trace the root of this difference through careful comparison of experimental methods, and then deepen our understanding and understanding.
In short, although the experimental method is an easy part to write, we should take it seriously and not be careless. Only by correctly understanding the important position of this part in scientific and technological papers and avoiding the above problems and deficiencies as much as possible can we write the experimental method part concisely, clearly and accurately, thus ensuring the quality and level of the whole scientific and technological paper.
Talking with Postgraduates about Writing Scientific Papers (3) Laws, Images, Evidence and Models
The results and discussion section is undoubtedly the backbone and core of a scientific and technological paper, and the author should clearly explain the main research results, basic change laws and their analysis in this section.
First of all, the author must start writing on the basis of fully analyzing and understanding the relevant materials and summarizing the relevant changing laws. In the process of writing this part, the author should give full play to the efficacy of the sorted charts and photos, freely state relevant arguments, and then reveal the relevant laws of change, and discuss why the above laws exist on this basis, and further draw relevant inferences. The above points are the basic requirements for writing the results and discussion. However, for a high-level scientific paper, these are far from enough. On this basis, we must construct a physical image of the changing law, and give its microstructure evidence or theoretical basis. In order to have a perfect job, we should also summarize the mathematical model of the relevant change law on this basis.