The thesis is a theoretical style to discuss scientific research achievements and new progress. It is different from literary novels and science fiction works, and can be imagined and played at will. It must attach importance to the scientific content and require the standardization of the format. In addition, it has two remarkable characteristics: first, it is innovative, that is, it must have new discoveries, new ideas and new inventions. The concrete manifestations are as follows: in practice, the adopted method is advanced and the effect is good; Put forward new ideas in theory and reach a certain depth and breadth. The second one is theoretical. The paper should analyze the results of experiments and investigations from a theoretical point of view, and form a certain scientific point of view, including raising some questions of scientific value. In addition, his views and questions are logically demonstrated by facts and theories.
Middle school students' scientific research involves a wide range of research forms, or academic discussion, or scientific experiments, or event investigation, or engineering design, and so on. Therefore, the final form of scientific papers is also different, but no matter what form, the writing of their papers should be clear-cut, focused and focus on meaningful and creative ideas or inventions for social development. Writing should be clear, rigorous and coherent. Language expression should be accurate and concise.
The contents of scientific papers generally include the following points:
1. Problems solved or achievements achieved by this achievement;
2. The purpose and significance of this study;
3. What have predecessors done?
4. The process of the author's research;
5. Methods, means, tools, instruments and schemes used;
6. Observe the test results;
7. Main data and examples;
8. necessary pictures;
9. Theoretical analysis;
10, the argument is put forward;
1 1, comments on previous work results and related theories;
12, remaining problems and solutions, and suggestions for further research.
The following is a detailed introduction to the writing of scientific papers:
1. The theme is "eyes" of scientific papers. A good topic can not only mention the full text, point out the characteristics, but also attract people's attention and make people read it with relish. At the same time, it should be easy to classify and catalogue.
To draw up a good topic, we should do the following:
(1), the wording of the topic should clearly, concretely and accurately reflect the content, scope and objectives of the paper. For example, classroom lighting optimization, as soon as you look at the title, you will know that this is a paper on how to optimize the design (goal) of classroom lighting (research scope).
Whether the topic is accurate is very important, that is, whether it is very consistent with the content of the text, otherwise it will make readers feel off topic. For example, there is a paper on the over-packaging of commodities, which mainly investigates the over-packaging of some commodities and puts forward some control countermeasures to reduce it. The title of the paper is "Study on the Control Countermeasures of Reducing Packaging Waste". The article is well written, but it doesn't fit the topic. From the topic, the author's research goal is to study emission reduction control countermeasures, but the author only puts forward some countermeasures, but does not study the effectiveness and feasibility of these countermeasures in depth. Therefore, if readers agree with the topic before reading the article, they will have the impression that the research goal is not clear enough.
(2) The key words should be summarized and refined. For example, "Study on the Crystallization Uniformity of Differential Crystallization Method and Device with Controllable Gradient Field in Rotating Disc —— Comparative Study with Stirred Crystallization Method" is a topic that the author once used. The author's original intention is to show the theoretical basis, characteristics, functions and thinking methods of scientific research achievements in the title, but for readers, the lengthy title confuses them, covering all aspects but downplaying the theme, and the words are cumbersome (such as the word crystallization appears three times), which makes it difficult to read. If the title is changed to "a novel and efficient crystallization experiment and its device", the scope (crystallization), content (experiment and device), goal (efficiency) and characteristics (novelty) of this paper can be reflected.
For some topics that cannot be shortened, subtitles can be added. If the main title is used to point out the research results of the paper, the subtitle is used to supplement the method or scope of obtaining the results. For example, the main title of "Urban Eco-environmental Assessment System Based on Three Dimensions of Greening-Taking Shanghai Eco-environmental Assessment as an Example" points out what kind of system the author is studying and whether this system is generally established. At present, the author can't verify it, so the subtitle is used to limit the scope, which not only does not weaken the value of the results, but improves the science.
2. Abstract-also known as executive summary-is a short statement of a high-level summary of the paper, without comments or comments. The function of the paper is to let readers know the main contents and conclusions of the paper as soon as possible, so as to decide whether to read the full text. At the same time, it also provides convenience for document indexing and classification. The contents of this paper include: (1) the theme, purpose and scope of this study; (2) Research object and method; (3) the results achieved; (4) conclusion.
The requirements for writing an abstract are:
A, refining, explaining the purpose, experimental methods, experimental results and final conclusions of this research topic in highly generalized language. To the extent that "one more word is unnecessary and one less word is not enough";
B, complete, it is a short article with strict structure, true content, strong logic and independent writing. Don't simply list the articles together as a summary;
C, short and pithy, generally no more than 300 words. Don't use charts, chemical structures and irregular symbols and terms;
D, the abstract does not comment, but only introduces the content of the paper truthfully. Generally, the first person does not appear in Chinese, and it is not written in the first person tone.
Now give an example (study on air pollution purification in air-conditioned rooms) to illustrate:
Due to the excretion and metabolism of human body, the air in closed air-conditioning room contains more ammonia (including ammonia compounds) and hydrogen sulfide, while air-conditioning only circulates indoor air, so pollutants cannot be discharged to the outside in time. (editor's note: revealing the problem). This paper puts forward a new method of indoor air purification: based on certain chemical principles, an "air purification sheet" is made of cheap chemicals (its active components are mainly copper oxide and zinc oxide), and the air flowing through it is purified through chemical reaction and physical adsorption. (Editor's note: purpose and thinking). In view of the situation that the air in the computer air-conditioned room in school is full of peculiar smell, the author artificially simulates the occurrence of saddle shape and hydrogen sulfide, and installs an "air purification piece" at the air inlet of the air conditioner to test the effect. (editor's note: experimental method). The field test shows that the average concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in indoor air is 9.230mg/m3 and 2.786mg/m3. After being ventilated for half an hour by air conditioner equipped with "air purifier", the average concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are reduced to 0.684mg/m3 and 0.063mg/m3 respectively, and the average removal rates are 92.6% and 97.2% respectively. (Editor's Note: Results). The main contribution of this project is to find a new method to purify the polluted air in closed air-conditioned rooms, and give the method of making "air purification sheet". (editor's note: conclusion).
In order to facilitate international communication, an English abstract is also needed. English abstracts include English titles, authors and English keywords.
3. Keywords-keywords are a retrieval language that expresses the characteristics of paper elements and have substantial significance. It can reflect the central content or theme of the paper and show the characteristics of the paper. It has single meaning, strong directivity and high specificity, and is suitable for compiling secondary literature, and can also be used for computer and manual retrieval.
A paper can choose 3~8 keywords. Keywords do not need grammatical structure, nor do they have to express a complete meaning, but simply combine one or several words together. Each keyword can be used as information to retrieve papers. For example, in the article "Research on Air Pollution Purification in Air-conditioned Rooms", the following keywords are selected: air-conditioned rooms, indoor air pollution, purification, air purification tablets, ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide.
4. Preface-is the beginning of the paper, also known as introduction and preface. Its purpose is to draw out the text. The preface includes: (1) the source of the topic; (2) The purpose and scope of the research, as well as the preliminary work and knowledge gaps in related fields; (3) Research process, research methods, experimental design, theoretical basis and experimental basis; (4) The obtained research results and their expected effects and significance.
This part is usually concise and to the point, directly into the subject, generally no more than 500 words. Some students intend to clarify the problem and spend a lot of ink on it. The effect is often counterproductive, making readers feel cumbersome and diluting the theme. When introducing predecessors' contributions, don't quote others' original texts in large paragraphs, but summarize them in your own words and indicate the reference contribution number. For example, "so-and-so" still has some defects, which affect its wide use to some extent. This conclusion has been clarified by others in documents 1 and 2. At the end of the paper, the literature names of 1 and 2 are listed in "References", which readers can refer to if they are interested. You don't need to extract the original text of relevant conclusions in other people's literature in the preface.
5. The text is the core of the paper. If the "preface" is to ask questions, then the text is to analyze and solve problems, and it is the part of demonstrating opinions (conclusions) with materials. Therefore, the content of the text is the concentrated expression of the author's knowledge level and creative ability, which determines the success or failure and quality of the paper.
Due to the different nature of the topic and research methods, the writing format will be different. The following are common theoretical and experimental writing methods.
(A) theoretical papers
Theoretical papers are papers that focus on clarifying theories. The text of a theoretical paper has no fixed format, and its structure can be diversified. For example, a mathematical paper is a paper that takes abstract theory as the research object. The common structural forms of its text are: proving formula: giving definitions and theorems, and then proving them one by one; Analytical formula: break down the principle or theory into several aspects and study them item by item; Application formula: first give a formula, equation or principle, then calculate and deduce it, and finally verify it with an example.
Another example is the paper on sunspots, which takes the observation data of natural phenomena and related literature as the research object. The common structural forms of the text are: (1) tense expression: continue to discuss according to the time sequence and the order of the development process of things; (2) Spatial style: it is discussed according to the orientation of things and the order of constituent elements; (3) Revealing type: first release the observed phenomena and related data, and then analyze them until the essence and law of things are revealed.
In short, the theoretical thesis is completed by using scientific facts and perfecting logical reasoning and assumptions. On the basis of experiments or observed facts, using recognized laws and theorems, through logical reasoning, the research object is analyzed layer by layer, and a conclusion with theoretical and practical value is drawn.
Experimental paper
The text of an experimental paper generally consists of three parts: materials and methods, results and discussion.
1) materials and methods.
This part is the concrete embodiment of the author's thinking method, technical route and creative ability in the research work of this topic. The expression of "material" mainly refers to the nature, quality, source, selection and treatment of materials. The expression of "method" mainly refers to experimental instruments, equipment, conditions and the process and method of obtaining data.
The main points of this part are: (1) experimental subjects; (2) experimental purpose; (3) Performance and characteristics of experimental materials; (4) Selection method and treatment method; (5) Instruments, equipment and equipment used; (6) Methods and processes of experiment and determination; (7) Problems and measures.
If you use your own designed instruments or equipment for experiments, you should explain them in detail and attach equipment drawings or photos.
2) results.
This part states the phenomena and data observed during the experiment, the images and data recorded by experimental instruments, and the information formed by preliminary statistics and processing of the above phenomena and data. This part is the core content of the experimental paper.
The writing focus of the "result" part is one word, namely, accuracy, selection, appropriateness and precision. Accuracy means that every phenomenon and even all details can't be ignored, so as to make an accurate description. Selection means that all the materials and data obtained in the experiment cannot be copied, and those materials and data that are necessary, key, representative, accurate and reliable and can explain the basis of the conclusion must be selected. Accurately speaking, "results" should be arranged in a certain logical order, clear and just right. Use concise and clear language to express the essence, and if necessary, use charts instead of written expressions listing a large number of figures and materials. Don't repeat the problems clearly shown in the chart, just summarize them briefly.
3) Analysis and discussion.
This part is a comprehensive analysis and research of the above two parts. The purpose is to get a regular understanding of the "result" through analysis and discussion, and to guide the general. Discussion is different from the result, it is theoretical sublimation and rational understanding; The result is a concrete phenomenon and belongs to perceptual knowledge. Therefore, "discussion" is a qualitative leap in the understanding of "results". The author's creative findings and opinions are mainly expressed through this part.
The analysis and discussion part generally includes the study of "method" and "result". We should decide what to discuss, what not to discuss and what to focus on from the need of expressing the content of the paper. Don't grab your eyebrows and beard, and analyze and discuss every result in detail, which will weaken the theme of the research. This detailed place can be quoted from classics, compared with other people's research, rigorous reasoning and mathematical deduction. In short, you can discuss it with more pen and ink, because this is the essence of the research and your most important contribution in this research. In this brief place, we should be willing to throw away those seemingly necessary explanations and only summarize or explain its function and significance. In this part of the statement, we must adhere to the experimental results as the basis, based on theory, scientific analysis, and do not make some conclusions that are divorced from the experimental basis or even deviate from the experimental results. You should not only dare to think and speak, but also highlight your own views, and don't deny others' views easily. We should not only prevent arbitrariness and sentimentality, but also prevent non-symbolic logic conclusions from individual materials. Don't avoid the existing problems, and explain and explain the experimental results that are not in line with expectations.
6. Conclusion-also called conclusion-is the final summary of the whole paper. On the basis of theoretical analysis or experimental results and discussion, it is a new general idea through strict logical reasoning, which embodies the academic level and creativity of the paper.
The contents of the conclusion usually include: (1) Summarize and briefly explain what problems this paper has solved, what theoretical significance and use value, what laws have been drawn and what methods have been established; (2) What tests have been made on the relevant research of predecessors or others, what are the consistency and inconsistency with their own research results, and what modifications, supplements, developments, confirmations or negatives have been made by themselves; (3) What are the shortcomings of my own research, what are the unsolved problems, and the ideas to solve these problems.
The conclusion should be written with strict logic, strict wording, positive tone and reliable figures, and should not be vague or ambiguous. When affirming or denying an argument, don't use words that give people specious feelings, such as "probably", "possibly" and "possibly".
7. Acknowledgement-The objects of acknowledgement mainly include: the director of this project, the scientific workers who gave guidance to this project, the organizations and individuals who helped or provided various conveniences to the work, the owners who provided or allowed to quote or extract their materials, pictures and documents for the research work, the family members who helped the smooth progress of the project, and other organizations and individuals who should be grateful.
8. References are an important part of academic papers. It is listed at the back of the file and has the following functions:
(1) proves that the argument cited in the paper is valid;
(2) It is beneficial for readers to consult, verify and understand the scientific research achievements of predecessors;
(3) Reflect the attitude of respecting predecessors' labor and rigorous scholarship.
From the listed references, readers can see the author's understanding of predecessors' work in this study and the basis on which the author's research was carried out and completed, thus providing a basis for judging the scientific research value, innovation and importance of this study.
The listed references should be noted: (1) The cited documents must be published documents directly read by the author, and generally do not cite other people's documents. (2) The cited documents should be faithful to the original, and should be carefully checked when recording. (3) The document description shall conform to the specifications.
Marking method in (1) text
According to the order in which the cited documents first appear in the text, Arabic numerals are used as their serial numbers, which are enclosed in square brackets and marked at the upper right of the end of the cited documents. Then, after the text, arrange it into a reference list in the order of this serial number.
Example: "... form a closed circulation system among human body, room and air conditioner [1-2]"
(2) Description format of references
The description format of the monograph is: author, title, edition, place of publication, publishing house, year of publication and start page.
Example: ding. Basic chemistry. Second edition. Beijing, People's Health Publishing House, 1984247.
The description format of serial publications (such as magazines and periodicals) is: author, title, serial publication name, year, volume (issue): start page.
Example: Jiang. Robot surgeon. Robot technology and application,1997,2:10-1.
The description format of patent documents is: patent applicant, patent name, other person in charge, comments, patent country, patent document type, patent number, publication date, etc.