The first part of logistics graduation thesis: some thoughts on railway logistics management
Introduction to 0
As an important carrier of China's logistics industry, railway transportation has many advantages such as wide transportation coverage and small interference factors. Especially with the rapid development of high-speed railway transportation network in recent years, the railway logistics industry has made unprecedented development and occupied an increasingly important position in the whole logistics system in China. However, at present, railway logistics enterprises still have a series of problems, such as scattered management pattern, poor information circulation and single service mode, which are difficult to meet the transportation needs of different customers, resulting in a relatively low overall market share of railway logistics. It can be seen that the modern railway logistics network needs to be further optimized to improve the management level of railway logistics enterprises and make railway logistics management better serve China's economic development.
1 Development Status and Challenges of Railway Logistics Enterprises
1. 1 Railway logistics network resources are dispersed
As an important force to promote the development of China's national economy, railways have transportation lines and stations all over the country, and the logistics infrastructure is relatively complete, which closely links major cities in China and has strong transportation capacity of logistics network. In terms of railway logistics, at present, all railway bureaus have set up relevant railway express management departments. However, due to the influence of local management, coordination and unified distribution, the one-stop service of railway logistics is weak, which makes the resources of railway logistics network relatively scattered, and there are too many intermediate links in railway logistics management, which makes the timeliness of handling business poor. The communication between logistics service points in different regions is lack of coordination, and it is still impossible to achieve efficient deployment. Once there is a problem, it can't be handled and fed back in time, and it can't meet the needs of the development of modern logistics industry. Especially when seizing the market share of some large and medium-sized cities, it is difficult for railway logistics enterprises to use scattered network resources, which is not conducive to the improvement of management level, thus leading to the difficulty in improving the core competitiveness of railway logistics enterprises.
1.2 inventory management level is not high.
Modern logistics management requires zero inventory management based on supply chain. However, for railway logistics enterprises, the level of inventory management is still relatively low, and the waste of transportation resources and equipment is serious. In particular, the traditional railway logistics management mode leads to weak one-stop arrival service and many turnover times, which not only prolongs the transportation time, but also causes a lot of extra costs. In addition, in the face of sudden railway accidents, railway logistics enterprises do not take effective measures to coordinate or guide in time to ensure the smooth progress of logistics work, and often wait until the accident problem is solved before carrying out logistics work, resulting in inventory backlog, greatly reducing work efficiency and customer satisfaction, which is very unfavorable for improving the management level and service quality of railway logistics industry.
1.3 The integration of the whole railway logistics system is low.
For a long time, China's railway system has been in a monopoly state, and the national railway transportation system is owned by the state. The regional railway bureaus manage the local railway transportation system separately, which leads to the low degree of integration of the whole railway logistics system in China and the low efficiency of railway logistics management. Mainly manifested in the fact that railway bureaus in various regions are often only responsible for the transportation and management of their own goods, materials and materials, and it is difficult to coordinate the goods of other railway bureaus, and it is impossible to achieve efficient management. At the same time, there is no perfect management system, which eventually leads to problems such as slow freight transportation and difficult inquiry, and logistics information can not be fed back in time. In addition, modern railway logistics management is not effectively combined with e-commerce, and logistics turnover information can't be fed back and enjoyed in time, which greatly reduces the efficiency of railway logistics transportation and management and is difficult to improve market competitiveness.
2 to improve the management level of railway logistics enterprises countermeasures and suggestions
2. 1 Optimization of Railway Logistics Network Layout
Transportation network is a key factor to improve the level of railway logistics management. However, the fixity of railway lines seriously reduces the flexibility of railway logistics. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the layout of railway transportation network, improve the coverage of service outlets, meet the demand of railway transportation services and meet the diversified needs of different customers in time and space. The most important thing is to do a good job in the construction planning of railway logistics network, optimize the layout of railway logistics nodes according to the actual situation of railway transportation in various regions, appropriately reduce unnecessary intermediate links as needed, and optimize the management mechanism, so as to finally realize cross-bureau and cross-level coordination and efficient deployment of logistics work, thus effectively saving time, improving the handling efficiency of logistics business and increasing the cohesion of the whole railway logistics management process. In addition, with the rapid development of high-speed rail transportation in recent years, railway logistics should seize this opportunity to develop high-speed rail transportation rapidly, improve the speed and efficiency of cargo transportation, and effectively set up modern logistics centers in combination with regional advantages to provide extended services to meet people's needs to the greatest extent, and at the same time achieve the goal of promoting local economic development.
2.2 Optimize the management mode of railway logistics inventory
Railway logistics enterprises should do a good job in inventory control, reduce inventory as much as possible, develop inventory management mode towards the goal of zero inventory, effectively reduce enterprise costs and improve material turnover efficiency. It is also necessary to strengthen the management of both the supply and demand sides, so that the whole logistics management system can operate efficiently.
2.3 based on the supply chain to carry out modern railway logistics services
Modern railway logistics management and service based on supply chain can greatly reduce the logistics cost of enterprises and improve the logistics service level. Traditional railway logistics management mostly stays at the operational level of transportation and distribution. After the emergence of modern supply chain management based on process, all relevant units and departments in railway transportation can participate in the planning and cooperation of logistics activities, at the same time, it can effectively extend the scope of railway services and optimize the development model of railway logistics services. For example, for a large-scale integrated freight station, it can be developed into an integrated logistics center to carry out integrated services; Smaller freight stations can be developed into cargo distribution centers; The breakthrough point of logistics service will be integrated into the supply chain and go deep into the production and sales channels of enterprises, thus improving the management level and service quality of railway logistics.
3 abstract
To sum up, railway transportation is an important pillar of China's national economic development. The government and railway departments should strengthen the management and resource integration of modern railway logistics, optimize the layout of railway logistics network, strengthen inventory management, constantly adapt to modern logistics management mode, develop modern railway logistics services based on supply chain, and actively establish an information-based railway logistics service platform to provide users with more convenient and efficient services, so as to improve the management level and service quality of the whole railway logistics industry and occupy an advantage in the whole logistics industry.
The second part of logistics graduation thesis: the docking of logistics management specialty and regional economy in higher vocational colleges
Higher vocational education pays more attention to the professional attribute of education. At present, the original intention of the country to vigorously develop higher vocational education is to cultivate front-line talents that conform to the regional economic development structure, especially those with sustainable development potential. The national education department has also made a series of plans for the future vocational education system, such as the docking of secondary and higher vocational schools, the new mode of higher vocational college entrance examination, undergraduate pilot vocational education and so on. The intensive introduction of these policies by the state has drawn a blueprint for the development of higher vocational education and brought new opportunities for the development of higher vocational education in various places. As an important industry related to the national economy and people's livelihood, all localities regard the development of logistics industry as an important task. The development of logistics industry provides a foundation for industrial clusters in other industries and an important guarantee for attracting industrial transfer in various places. Higher vocational education should be an open education, emphasizing the combination of work and study and social participation in the teaching process. As an important major in many higher vocational colleges, logistics management should be used as a pilot to effectively connect with the regional economy and make it a model for the harmonious and interactive development of higher vocational education and society.
First, the necessity of interaction between logistics management major and regional economy in higher vocational colleges
(a) to implement the spirit of national vocational education, the implementation of relevant state policies.
? Vigorously develop vocational and technical education? It first appeared in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision on Educational System Reform (1985), and then the State Council made three decisions on vocational education in 199 1, 2002 and 2005, all of which followed the working principle of 1985. 20 14 the State Council decided to put forward? Accelerate the development of modern vocational education? . From where? Vigorously develop? Arrive? Accelerate development? This is a major adjustment of China's vocational education development policy. In view of the adjustment of the national vocational education policy, various regions have also decomposed and implemented the policy. 20 1 14126 October, Hubei provincial party Committee and provincial government held a video conference on vocational education in the whole province. Li Hongzhong, secretary of Hubei Provincial Party Committee, attended the meeting and made an important speech. The meeting held that vigorously developing vocational education is an important starting point for adjusting the economic structure and accelerating economic development, and an important measure to promote employment and improve people's livelihood, right? Build a fulcrum and walk in the forefront? Important guarantee. Higher vocational logistics management major should also implement the national spirit and actively carry out multi-level cooperation with enterprises in the region.
(B) to promote the rapid development of the logistics industry in the regional economy
The concept of logistics has not been introduced to China for a long time. The logistics enterprises in China are all merged or reorganized from the original transportation enterprises and warehousing enterprises. The overall quality of employees is low, especially the awareness and development direction of logistics industry is poor. Many employees still stay in the logistics industry, which is a simple model of truck plus warehouse. Extensive management exists in the logistics industry in China. An important indicator to measure whether a country's logistics industry is developed is the proportion of overall logistics social expenditure to GDP, which is about 8% in developed countries and more than 15% in China. According to simple data, there is still much room for improvement in the development of logistics industry in China, which needs further integration and development. In addition to the use of cash facilities and equipment, the introduction of scientific and technological information technology and the expansion of capital, the management and operation of modern logistics enterprises are important factors for enterprises to realize their core competitiveness. To improve the management level, we must attach importance to the construction of talents. In addition to front-line workers and high-end management talents, the logistics industry urgently needs middle-level management personnel, which is just in line with the talents trained by logistics management majors in higher vocational colleges. The characteristics of these talents are that they know both front-line operation and management. Logistics management major in higher vocational colleges undertakes the important mission of cultivating regional logistics talents. Through the training of the school, students are trained to have the skills of first-line logistics industries such as warehousing, logistics distribution, international logistics operation, commodity maintenance, vehicle dispatching and driver management. In addition to these skills, they also have certain sustainable development capabilities, such as financial management, human resource management of logistics enterprises, marketing of logistics enterprises, and future strategic management of logistics enterprises.
(C) to achieve effective docking of jobs and graduates
In order to connect with the regional economy, it is necessary to analyze the types and specifications of logistics talents in the region, and then cultivate these talents to provide a steady stream of talent protection for regional logistics posts. If some areas belong to mega-central cities, the commerce and trade industry is developed, and there is a big talent gap in the development of express delivery industry, through docking with regional economy, we can subdivide logistics management majors and focus on cultivating express delivery talents; In some coastal areas, the export-oriented economy is developed. In order to connect with regional posts, international logistics operators can be trained, and port logistics and shipping logistics courses should be highlighted in the curriculum. Only when logistics management specialty provides talent guarantee and regional economy provides professional counterparts can professional construction and regional economy form a benign interactive development.
Second, suggestions to promote the interaction between logistics management major and regional economy in higher vocational colleges
(A) the docking of personnel training programs
The talent training scheme is an important guarantee for the quality of talent training. Scientific talent training scheme needs strict investigation, discussion, implementation, feedback and optimization, and the effectiveness of talent training scheme can be improved through continuous optimization. There are two serious problems in the formulation of talent training programs for logistics management majors in many higher vocational colleges. Many higher vocational colleges not only copy the training mode of undergraduate schools, but also directly learn from the schemes of foreign brother colleges. The training scheme of logistics management professionals in undergraduate colleges is essentially different from that in higher vocational colleges, and the training objectives are also quite different. Undergraduate logistics management major focuses on management, planning and future academic ability mining, and higher vocational education trains talents engaged in front-line work in logistics industry. However, although the training objectives may be the same, there are great problems in serving the regional economy. In order to promote the interaction between logistics management major and regional economy in higher vocational colleges, it is necessary to work out a talent training plan for logistics management major in higher vocational colleges under the guidance of professional experts and by visiting enterprises in the region and interviewing employees. A scientific talent training plan should first analyze the demand and future trend of logistics talents in this region, and provide reference for the scale of professional enrollment. Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the logistics posts and the practical skills needed by logistics posts in the region, and correspond the courses with the posts, and finally form professional basic courses, core competence courses and ability expansion courses. Finally, it is necessary to analyze the labor supply situation of regional logistics enterprises, look for students' internship opportunities, especially in the peak period of logistics, and help enterprises alleviate employment pressure by sending talents to form a vocational education system of theory, practice and post practice.
(B) the docking of teachers
At present, the teachers majoring in logistics management in higher vocational colleges have high academic qualifications and professional titles, but the most prominent problem is the lack of practical ability. Although higher vocational colleges have made a lot of efforts and measures to improve the practical ability of logistics management teachers, the effect is average. In order to change this situation in a short time, it is a good method to introduce enterprise personnel into the classroom through the investigation of logistics enterprises in regional economy. The supplement of enterprise personnel to school teachers can be divided into three levels. The first level is business leaders. Their teaching activities in school are mainly carried out through special lectures. Through the appearance of leaders, the characteristics and future development direction of logistics industry are described to improve students' enthusiasm for learning. The second level is the first-line skilled operators, who can mainly engage in experimental guidance in schools. For example, they can spare one week for course training each semester, so that they can teach students the main skills in practical work within one week, such as warehousing skills, logistics enterprise platform operation skills, and express delivery industry skills. The third level is enterprise experts, who not only have strong practical experience, but also have higher academic qualifications and titles, such as senior engineers and senior economists. Higher vocational colleges can directly outsource some courses to them and let them engage in all the teaching of the courses, such as logistics facilities and equipment, modern logistics information technology and so on.
(C) the docking of the teaching process
Teaching process docking emphasizes the participation of enterprises in the whole teaching process. Generally speaking, there can be three modes: enterprise trainee visit, enterprise on-the-job training and holding enterprise order class. Enterprise trainee visit refers to teachers leading students to visit and study in enterprises. In order to let students have a perceptual knowledge of the logistics industry and a general ideological outline of some logistics operations, they can conduct related enterprise visits or cognitive internships before the course is offered. For example, when teaching international logistics courses, students can be led to visit relevant international logistics enterprises. Through the visit to the enterprise, students can fully understand the whole international logistics operation and understand the important links and nodes of international logistics. On-the-job training in enterprises is to arrange real work for one month or even longer in enterprises, arrange real work tasks, and let students devote themselves to practical work. This is the work-study alternation advocated by the state. In order to let the logistics enterprises in the region train students independently, the order class is a good attempt. The order class emphasizes the balance between public courses and enterprise courses. After studying the important professional courses of logistics management, we should join the enterprise courses, and put the training of new employees and on-the-job training in the courses, so that the students in the logistics management order class can go to work directly after graduation, saving the recruitment and training costs of human resources in enterprises and reducing the employment pressure of graduates.
(4) certificate docking
At present, our country has formulated professional standards in many industries and introduced relevant examinations. Those who pass the examination may be awarded relevant professional qualification certificates. As far as the whole logistics industry is concerned, the relevant professional qualification examination has also been launched. In order to make the students majoring in logistics management in higher vocational colleges have relevant industry qualifications, school teaching should take the acquisition of certificates as one of the necessary conditions for course achievement and even graduation. At present, many logistics enterprises highly admire industry certificates, such as logistics engineer certificate, customs broker certificate, customs broker certificate, international freight forwarder certificate, dangerous goods operator certificate, courier certificate and so on.
Three. Concluding remarks
The development of higher vocational education must be based on the development of regional economy and the cooperation of regional enterprises. The major of logistics management in higher vocational colleges should be open to the society, combine with the development of regional economy, closely interact with enterprises in the region, live up to the historical mission of the country to higher vocational education, provide talent guarantee for the region, promote the development of regional economic logistics industry, and create a number of logistics enterprise brands with high reputation not only in the region but also in the world.
The third part of logistics graduation thesis: logistics and logistics management under e-commerce
Abstract: In recent years, as a new business model, e-commerce has brought an unprecedented industrial change to mankind, and the result of this change is to bring mankind into the information society. However, in the development of e-commerce, people find that logistics, as the support of online business activities of tangible goods, not only becomes an obstacle to online business activities of tangible goods, but also a key factor for the smooth progress of online business activities of tangible goods. Therefore, logistics has become an urgent problem in the development of e-commerce.
Keywords: e-commerce logistics management
1. Modern logistics is a necessary condition for the development of e-commerce.
1. 1 Modern logistics technology has created conditions for the rapid promotion of e-commerce.
E-commerce is a commercial transaction between participants through electronic means. Usually, every successful e-commerce transaction involves four aspects: the transfer of commodity ownership, the payment of money, the acquisition and application of relevant information and the transfer of the commodity itself, namely, business flow, capital flow, information flow and logistics. Among them, business flow is the essence, logistics is the foundation, information flow is the bridge, and capital flow is the purpose. Every day, there are millions of business transactions around the world, and each business transaction is accompanied by logistics and information flow. Trading partners need this information to send, track, sort, receive, store, extract and package products. In the highly developed information-based e-commerce era, the cooperation between logistics and information flow is becoming more and more important, and more and more modern logistics technologies will be applied to supply chain management.
Logistics technology refers to all the professional technologies related to the activities of logistics elements, including various operation methods and management skills, such as distribution processing technology, article packaging technology, article identification technology, article real-time tracking technology and so on. Logistics technology also includes logistics planning, logistics evaluation, logistics design and logistics strategy. With the popularization of computer network technology, many modern technologies are integrated into logistics technology, such as GIS, GPS, EDI, bar code and so on. The successful experience and normative integration of logistics industry in adopting some modern information technologies paved the way for the popularization of e-commerce.
1.2 logistics distribution system is the supporting system of e-commerce.
Modern logistics distribution can provide various services for e-commerce users. According to the characteristics of e-commerce, unified information management is implemented for the whole logistics distribution system. Logistics distribution enterprises carry out goods sorting and distribution operations at the logistics base according to the ordering demand input by users online, and deliver the numbered goods to the consignee according to the optimal distribution route selected by the computer. Advanced distribution methods are of great significance for logistics enterprises to improve service quality, reduce logistics costs and optimize social inventory allocation, thus improving economic and social benefits. As an effective way of logistics organization, modern distribution represents the development direction of modern marketing and is a revolution to traditional logistics.
1.3 logistics distribution system improves the efficiency of social and economic operation.
Logistics distribution enterprises adopt networked computer technology, modern hardware equipment, software system and advanced management means to sort, allocate, sort, divide and distribute goods in strict accordance with users' ordering requirements, and deliver them to all kinds of users regularly, regularly and quantitatively to meet their needs for goods. Logistics distribution has become a pioneer of innovation in the circulation field with a brand-new look, representing the main direction of modern marketing. Compared with the traditional logistics mode, the new logistics distribution is easier to realize informationization, automation, modernization, socialization, intelligence and simplification, so that goods can flow smoothly and make the best use of them. It can not only reduce the inventory of production enterprises, speed up capital turnover, improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, but also stimulate social demand and promote healthy economic development.
2. E-commerce requirements for logistics and distribution
2. 1 Improve the degree of informatization
The informatization of logistics distribution is manifested in the database and coding of logistics information collection, computerization of electronic combination of logistics information processing, standardization and real-time information transmission, and digitalization of logistics information storage. Therefore, advanced management strategies such as bar code technology, database technology, electronic ordering system, electronic data exchange, radio frequency technology, management information system and enterprise resource planning should be vigorously promoted and applied in China's logistics and distribution enterprises.
2.2 Improve the function of logistics management system and improve the quality of after-sales service.
In view of the phenomenon of long delivery time and delayed delivery of goods in online shopping, as an e-commerce company, in order to better serve customers, information exchange and feedback between customers and suppliers should be strengthened. This can not only save the cost of order processing for users, but also save users' time, gradually improve people's trust in online shopping, and make e-commerce develop healthily and stably.
2.3 Reduce the price of distribution services
In the process of developing e-commerce in China, it has been difficult to achieve large-scale online shopping, and the cost of logistics and distribution is high, especially for retail online transactions. It is very expensive to deliver the goods to every customer. Efforts should be made to reduce costs and solve the contradiction between e-commerce companies and logistics distribution companies in the price of distribution services.
2.4 Improve legal policies
In view of various problems existing in e-commerce logistics distribution, relevant government departments should actively study the characteristics of e-commerce, quickly formulate targeted laws, regulations and policies, standardize e-commerce activities, and increase the trust of enterprises and consumers in e-commerce.
2.5 active anti-war third-party logistics enterprises
? Third party logistics? Generally speaking, it has certain advantages in logistics management experience, talents, technology and ideas, and can be used as the authorized agent for all logistics activities of both supply and demand sides in e-commerce transactions. At the same time, the third party logistics has abundant funds and logistics management software based on modern information network technology, which can make full use of modern logistics technology to ensure that customers can check the goods anytime and anywhere and get supporting services. Both parties involved in e-commerce transactions can entrust logistics to professional logistics enterprises and concentrate on developing electronic markets and business efficiency.
2.6 Establish a national logistics public information platform and develop the fourth party logistics.
The fourth party logistics can provide comprehensive supply chain solutions, integrate social logistics resources, and improve the comprehensive synergy of the logistics industry in China.
3. Factors that should be considered when e-commerce enterprises choose logistics mode.
When making logistics decisions, e-commerce enterprises should consider the following main factors comprehensively according to their own needs and resource conditions, carefully choose logistics modes, and improve market competitiveness.
3. 1 the impact of logistics on the success of enterprises and the management ability of enterprises on logistics. Logistics is highly important to the success of enterprises, and the ability of enterprises to handle logistics is relatively low, so third-party logistics is adopted; The importance of logistics to the success of enterprises is low, and the ability of peer enterprises to deal with logistics is also low, so outsourcing logistics services are adopted; Logistics requires a high degree of success for enterprises, and enterprises have a high ability to handle logistics, so they adopt self-operated logistics.
3.2 Enterprise's Requirements for Logistics Control
The more competitive the industry, the more enterprises should strengthen the control of supply and distribution channels. At this time, enterprises should support their own logistics. Generally speaking, the OEM or the final product manufacturer has strong control over the channel or supply chain process, and often chooses self-operated logistics, that is, as a leading enterprise to organize the whole process of logistics activities and formulate logistics service standards.
3.3 Logistics characteristics of enterprise products themselves
For the return of bulk industrial raw materials or the distribution of fresh products, relatively fixed professional logistics service providers and short-channel logistics should be used; For the distribution in the global market, regional professional logistics companies should be used to provide support; For enterprises with single product line or OEM supporting products, they should support their own logistics under the unified leadership of leading enterprises; For highly technical logistics services, such as port logistics services, enterprises should adopt the principal-agent model for non-standard equipment manufacturers. Self-operated logistics is profitable, but it should still be handed over to professional logistics services.
3.4 Enterprise Scale and Strength
Generally speaking, large and medium-sized enterprises have the ability to establish their own logistics systems, formulate appropriate logistics demand plans and ensure the quality of logistics services because of their strong strength. In addition, we can also use the remaining logistics network resources to expand our foreign business. However, limited by personnel, funds and management resources, it is difficult for small enterprises to improve the efficiency of logistics management. At this point, in order to use resources for the main core business, enterprises should hand over logistics management to third-party professional logistics organizations.
3.5 Total cost of logistics system
When choosing logistics mode, we must find out the total cost of different logistics system modes. Its calculation cost is: total cost of logistics system = total transportation cost+inventory maintenance cost+batch cost+total fixed storage cost+total variable storage cost+order processing and information cost+customer service cost.
There is an antinomy between these costs: if the number of warehouses decreases, the storage cost will be reduced, but the transportation distance and times will increase, which will lead to an increase in transportation cost. If the increase of transportation cost exceeds the decrease of storage cost, the total logistics cost will increase. Therefore, when choosing and designing a logistics system, we should demonstrate the total cost of the logistics system and finally choose the logistics system with the lowest cost.
3.6 Customer Service Capability of Third Party Logistics
Although it is important to consider the cost when choosing the logistics mode, the ability of third-party logistics to provide services for enterprises and their customers is very important to choose logistics services. In other words, the ability and reliability of third-party logistics to meet the timely demand for raw materials of enterprises should be the primary consideration.
4. Summary
With the development of e-commerce, the concept of logistics has been given a new meaning. In the material circulation under the planned economy system, the realization of business flow is the main thing, and logistics is often dismembered into several discrete and independent links, which is not paid attention to. Some departments, such as transportation departments, are not very clear about Chengdu's logistics industry and agriculture. It seems that logistics is only a matter for the material supply department, and the material supply department also thinks so, so building warehouses for distribution is a comprehensive service industry. Its comprehensive service capabilities are as follows: the service capabilities of all aspects of logistics; The integration ability of various logistics resources; The operational ability of integrated logistics agents; In terms of service concept, supply chain management ability should not only attach importance to business flow service, but also attach importance to logistics service, not only to all aspects of service, but also to comprehensive service.
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