Jean-henri fabre (1823 ~ 19 15) was born in a village in the south of France called Saint Leon. As both parents are farmers, Fables spent his adolescence in poverty and hardship. He studied hard, but he learned Latin and Greek well in middle school, which laid a solid foundation for his later writing. In order to make a living, Fabres, who was only fourteen years old, went out to work, worked as a coolie on the railway, worked as a lemon vendor in the market and often spent the night in the open air. However, despite all the difficulties, Fabres never gave up the pursuit of knowledge and never stopped teaching himself. Finally, at the age of 19, he was admitted to Yaweinong Normal School and won a scholarship. In normal schools, Fabres's interest in natural animals and plants is far greater than "the grammar that stifles human nature". After graduating from school, fabrice became a primary school teacher. While working, he taught himself, and successively got bachelor's degrees in mathematics, physics and other disciplines. He believes that "whether anyone teaches you this thing or not, the most important thing is whether you have understanding and perseverance." After that, he also worked in middle schools in Corsica and avignon. When he became a middle school teacher, Fabres became more interested in insects. He often led and guided students to observe and study insects. The original text of the book Insect World is Memories of Entomology Research, and the subtitle is Research on Insect Instinct and its Customs, which shows that Fabres has been observing and studying the crystallization of insects for decades, getting up early and being greedy for the dark in the hot sun and cold wind, holding a magnifying glass and notebook. Fabres had a high literary attainments and was deeply influenced by Renaissance writers, especially rabelais. It can be said that chateaubriand, a French romantic poet, pioneered the description of giant scenery such as oceans, mountains and forests in the literary field, while Fabres vividly recorded the feeding habits, preferences, survival skills, natural enemies, metamorphosis and reproduction of various small creatures in the insect world with a simple and fresh style ... Fabres's description of insects is full of childlike and poetic sense of humor. In his works, the pine beetle is "an ornament in the summer twilight and a beautiful jewel embedded in the summer solstice crown"; Fireflies are "light spots away from the bright full moon"; He described "fighting is a profession that is not conducive to the development of skills and talents ....., and it has no other specialty except killing people"; In his eyes, rhinoceros dung beetles are "selfless work" ... insisting on underground work and doing their best for the future of the family. No wonder Hugo, a famous French writer, praised Fabres as "Homer of the insect world". Fabres's representative works have been translated into thirteen languages, which has aroused the interest of several generations of teenagers in natural science and biology for more than one hundred years. The original text is two volumes and ten chapters. Some of them were selected for translation in this book. Among them, "Spider" and "Scorpion" belong to the arthropod phylum with Insecta, but fortunately, the author has explained it. In his later years, Fabres was repeatedly recommended by French literary circles as a Nobel Prize in Literature judge, but all ended in failure. To this end, many people either published articles in newspapers or wrote letters to Fabres to express their grievances. Fabrice replied, "I work because I have fun, not for the pursuit of honor. You are angry that I have been forgotten by the public. In fact, I don't care too much. " Insects "Insects" don't think that it is just a simple popular science booklet. The publication of this book is regarded as the birth of animal psychology. Known as "the epic of insects", it is a classic of Fabres, a famous French entomologist. The author combines professional knowledge with life perception, and expresses his unique vision of life in the description of an insect's daily life habits and characteristics. This book is the observation record of French entomologist Dr. Fabres. The original has ten volumes. The book gives a detailed description of insects that people rarely see; Some French customs and habits in the Fabres era were randomly explained, which supplemented some viewpoints of modern entomologists. It is an easy-to-understand classic popular science book about nature and insects. I got a small piece of land in a quiet place in a small village. This is a piece of hemp, named for a place where Brovin company can't farm and there are many stones. Few plants can grow there except some thyme. You can grow something if you work hard, but it's really not worth it. But in spring, some sheep will pass by, and if it rains at that time, some grass can grow. However, my own proprietary marijuana, but some red soil mixed with stones, and has been roughly cultivated. Someone told me that vines grow on this land, which really bothers me, because the original plants have been pulled out with a two-legged fork, and now there is no thyme. Thyme may be useful to me because it can be used as a hunting ground for wasps and bees, so I must replant them. There are creeping grasses, Erythrina flowers and Spanish plants with orange flowers and hard claws everywhere. On top of these, there is a layer of Illyrian cotton thistle. Its upright branches sometimes grow to six feet high and have big pink balls with small thorns at the end. It's really well armed, which makes plant gatherers don't know where to pick it. Among them, there is a spike cornflower with a long row of hooks, and the buds of raspberries climb to the ground. If you don't wear high heels and come to the thorn forest, you will be punished for your carelessness. This is the paradise I have worked hard for forty years! In my strange and barren kingdom, it is a happy hunting ground for countless bees and wasps. I have never seen so many insects in one place. All kinds of businesses are concentrated in this land, and hunters, masons, textile workers, leaf cutters and cardboard makers who hunt all kinds of game have come. At the same time, gypsum workers are mixing mud, carpenters are drilling wood, miners are digging underground tunnels, and cattle colon membrane workers (used to separate gold foil) have all kinds of people. Look! There is a kind of bee that can sew. It peeled off the net silk of Erythrina with yellow background, collected a mass of stuffed things, and proudly carried them away with its cheeks (that is, jaws). It will go underground and store honey and eggs with the collected materials. There are a group of leaf-cutting bees wearing black, white or blood-red cutting brushes under their bodies. They plan to go to the nearby Woods and cut the leaves into circles to wrap their harvest. This is another group of plasterer bees in black silk sweaters. They work in cement and sand. It is easy to find tools for them to work on stones in my bathhouse. In addition, there is a wild bee, which hides its nest in a ladder with an empty snail shell. The other is to put its larvae in the pith of dried raspberry stems. Third, take dry reed ditch as home. As for the fourth kind, I live in the empty tunnel of Mei Sen Bee, and I don't even have to pay the rent. Some bees have horns, and some bees have brushes on their hind legs, which are used for harvesting. The wall of my Hamam was built, and piles of stones and fine sand were everywhere, which were abandoned by construction workers and soon occupied by various households. The plasterer bees chose the crack in the stone as their sleeping place. If there is a fierce lizard, it will attack people and dogs if it is accidentally run over. They chose a cave and lay there waiting for dung beetles passing by. The thrush with black ear hair, dressed in white and black, looks like a monk in black, sitting on the top of a stone and singing a simple song. Where can I find those nests with sky-blue eggs in the stone pile? When moving the stone, the little black monk living in the stone naturally moved with him. I feel sorry for these little monks in black, because they are lovely little neighbors. As for the lizard, I don't think it is cute, so I don't regret its departure. In the sand, there are communities of bees digging and hunting. To my regret, these poor bee diggers and hunters were ruthlessly driven away by the construction workers. But some hunters remained. They are busy looking for caterpillars all day. There is also a bumblebee that dares to catch poisonous spiders. There are many such spiders in the soil of Hama, and they are quite interested. As you can see, there are strong and brave ants, who radiate the power of a barracks and set out in a long line to hunt their powerful prisoners on the battlefield. In addition, there are all kinds of birds in the Woods near the house. Some of them are singing birds, some are green warblers, some are sparrows and owls. There is a small pond in this forest, which is full of frogs. When May comes, they will form a deaf band. Among the residents, the bravest is the wasp, which occupied my house without permission. There are white-waisted bees in front of my house. Every time I walk into the house, I must be very careful, or I will step on them and ruin their mining work. In the closed window, plasterer bees nest on the soft sand wall. I accidentally left a small hole in the wooden frame of the window, and they used it as a portal. On the edge of the shutter, a few lost bees from Mei Sen built a hive. As soon as lunch time comes, these wasps come to visit. Their purpose is of course to see if my grapes are ripe. Biography of Fabres 1849. He was appointed as a physics teacher in ajaccio, Corsica. The beautiful natural scenery and rich species on the island ignited his enthusiasm for studying animals and plants. Le Quinn, a botanist in avignon, taught him knowledge. After that, he followed Mocan-Tang Tong to collect flowers and plants everywhere. This knowledgeable tutor laid a solid foundation for Fabres to become a naturalist and embark on the road of scientific research. 1853, fabrice returned to the French mainland, was hired by a school in avignon, and moved his family into a simple house in the Rue Saint Dominique. 1857, he published "Observation on the Habit of Ophiuchus argus", which corrected the wrong view of Leon dufour, the founder of entomology at that time, thus winning the praise of French research institute and being awarded the experimental physiology prize. During this period, Fabers also devoted himself to the study of natural dye madder or alizarin. At that time, the red color on French soldiers' trousers came from madder powder. In 1860, Fabres obtained three patents for this kind of research. Later, at the invitation of Victor Durui, Minister of Education, fabrice was in charge of the organization and teaching of an adult night school, but its free teaching method caused some people's dissatisfaction. So he quit his job and settled in Orange with his family for more than ten years. In this decade, Fabres completed the first volume of ten volumes of Insects. During this period, he and his friends went to Wandu several times to collect plant specimens. In addition, he also met the British philosopher Mill, but Mill died young, which made their previous plan "Vascruz Vegetation Grand View" die. At the same time, a great misfortune befell Fabres: he had six children, among whom Jules, the only son, shared the same interests with his father and loved observing nature, and died at the age of sixteen. Since then, Fables has dedicated several plants he discovered to Jules who died young to express his memory. The study of fungi has always been one of Fables' hobbies. 1878, he wrote many wonderful academic articles on the theme of Vacruzzi's fungi. He also made a detailed study of Kuaizi and described his fragrance in detail. Gourmets claim that they can taste all the flavors described in his works from real chopsticks. From 65438 to 0879, fabrice bought a barren stone garden in Ang, cellini, and lived there until his death. This is a barren land, but it is the favorite land of insects. In addition to living for his family, there is also his study, studio and testing ground, which can make him concentrate on quiet thinking and devote himself to various observations and experiments. It can be said that this is the world he has always dreamed of. It was here that Fabres finished the last nine volumes of Insects while observing and experimenting, while sorting out the observation notes, experimental records and scientific notes of insects in the first half of his life. Today, this former residence has become a museum, quietly located in a botanical garden with strong Provence style. Fabers insisted on self-study all his life, and successively obtained bachelor's degree, bachelor's degree in mathematics, bachelor's degree in natural science and doctor's degree in natural science. He is proficient in Latin and Greek and loves the works of Horace, an ancient Roman writer, and Virgil, a poet. He almost taught himself painting and watercolor painting, and many of his exquisite illustrations of fungi were praised by the Nobel Prize in Literature winner and French poet Frederic mistral. In his later years, Fabres's success in insects earned him the reputation of "Homer of Insects" and "Poet of Science", and his achievements were widely recognized by the society. Although fabrice has won many scientific titles, he is still as simple, shy and humble as ever, and leads a poor life. His talent was admired by scholars at that time, including British biologist Darwin, Belgian playwright maeterlinck, Nobel Prize in Literature winner of 19 1 1, German writer Jung, French philosopher Bergson, poet Malamei, Provence writer Roumani, and so on. Because Fables' experiment was accurately recorded in Insect Tales, which revealed many secrets of insect life and habits, Darwin called Fables an "imitative observer". When he lived in Cerini, many scholars and writers visited him in succession. Fabres had received Pasteur, British philosopher Mill and other scholars in his own residence, but his correspondence with them was not frequent. Victor Durui, Minister of Education, recommended Fables to Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, who awarded him the Medal of Honor. French politician Raymond Poincare paid tribute to him by making a detour through Cerini. Fabres's works with multiple identities are varied: as a naturalist, he left many academic works on animals and plants, including Madder: Patents and Papers, Animals in avignon, Cuckoo, Mushrooms on Olive Trees, Grape Root Aphids and so on. As a teacher, he has compiled many textbooks of chemical physics. As a poet, he wrote many poems in Provence in southern France, and was affectionately called "Gadfly Poet" by the local people. In addition, he translated the works of some Provencal poets into French. In his spare time, he also creates some ditties with his small mouth. However, among Fabres's works, Insect is the longest, the most important and the most widely known one. This work not only shows his talent and literary talent in scientific observation and research, but also conveys his humanistic spirit and incomparable love for life to readers. Successful industrialization of madder dyes. Shortly after the establishment of the factory, Germany completed the chemical synthesis of garlic thiamine dye, and the dream of industrialization of madder dye was dashed. The teaching method of public lectures was opposed by conservative educators and churches, so they fired the teaching staff of normal schools.