2 The main component of literature and art It often studies the basic principles and principles of the essence, characteristics, internal composition and external relations of literature from the perspectives of aesthetics, epistemology, sociology and psychology. The task of literary theory is to reveal the essence of literature as an aesthetic cultural phenomenon: to clarify the position and role of literature in the whole cultural phenomenon; It is also necessary to explain the characteristics of literature that are different from other cultural phenomena. Literary theory is a theoretical summary of constantly developing and changing literary practice, so it has its own development process.
This is a famous view put forward by abrams, an American contemporary literary theorist, in the book Mirror and Lamp. The four elements of literature mean that literature, as an activity, always consists of four elements: works, writers, the world and readers.
Literature in a broad sense is the general name of all verbal or written language acts and works, including the so-called literature and general cultural forms such as politics, philosophy, history and religion.
Literature in a narrow sense refers to the prevailing literature today, that is, language and artistic acts and works including emotion, fiction and imagination, such as poems, novels and essays.
6 An oral or written language work that is difficult to classify between broad literature and narrow literature can be called eclectic literature. For example, historical literature, documentary literature and some stylized political papers.
The so-called discourse refers to the specific behaviors and activities of communication between people through language, including speaker, receiver, text, communication and context. Discourse accumulation is a summary of the special language and meaning of literary activities, which means that literature, as a social discourse activity, contains rich possibilities of meaning generation.
8 Discourse accumulation is a summary of the special language and meaning of literary activities, which means that literature, as a social discourse activity, contains rich possibilities of meaning generation.
Literature is an aesthetic ideology appearing in discourse. This aesthetic ideology is a special form of general ideology and belongs to the superstructure in the social structure.
10 ideology was originally composed of two words: "idea" and "theory", which originally meant a system of idealism and ideas. Concept is not only a reflection of reality, but also a guide of thought and action, and it must have the dual nature of cognition and practice at the same time. When talking about ideology, the founders of Marxism attributed it to a social superstructure phenomenon, thinking that it was produced on a certain economic basis, and reflected the economic basis, political system and economic and political relations between people in a certain society in one way or another; Therefore, in class society, it inevitably embodies the thoughts, demands, interests and wishes of certain classes and social groups, that is, it has a certain value orientation and plays a dominant and regulating role in people's thoughts and behaviors. As an ideology, literature has the characteristics of general ideology.
1 1 Literature, as an aesthetic ideology, is a special form of general ideology and a complex combination of aesthetics and ideology. From the purpose, literature is both utilitarian and utilitarian. From the way, literature is both vivid and rational; Attitude: both emotional and cognitive.
12 aesthetics is a special way for human beings to master the world, and it refers to a non-utilitarian, visual and emotional relationship between people and the world.
13 refers to the conceptual activities about nature and society carried out by human beings in order to obtain spiritual materials needed for spiritual life. Philosophy of science, literature and art are all spiritual activities.
14 refers to the material transformation of nature carried out by human beings in order to obtain the material data necessary for survival.
15 refers to all vivid, rich but relatively rough stimuli or information that the writer intentionally accepts or unintentionally obtains from social life.
16 refers to the writer's unique feeling when observing and examining external things on the basis of accumulating certain social materials in social life and according to his own ideological principles and aesthetic trends of understanding and evaluating life.
17 refers to an internal motive force that drives writers to engage in literary creation activities.
18 refers to the writer's thinking process of creating a complete image sequence through psychological activities and artistic generalization on the basis of material accumulation and artistic discovery, under the guidance of some creative motivation.
19 intuition is to directly understand and reveal the inside story or essence of things by omitting the reasoning process. In artistic thinking, intuition has two functions: one is the writer's intuitive grasp of a phenomenon; The second is that the writer suddenly discovers the thought-provoking connotation behind something or phenomenon.
20 is one of the most important ways of thinking in the artistic conception stage. The external form is a sudden epiphany to the problem. It is unpredictable and fleeting.
2 1 The most common way for writers to conceive is the process of transforming many old materials around their own central ideas and synthesizing an artistic image that can fully reflect their intentions.
22 refers to the writer grasping an idea when conceiving, mobilizing all kinds of materials and processing methods to serve it, and striving to make it clearer, clearer and more different than other images around him.
23 refers to the writer's way of thinking, deliberately saying less, omitting specific details, grasping the trunk, having both form and spirit, and conveying the general outline and internal essence of the image.
24 refers to the writer's great mobilization of imagination and creativity when conceiving, creating the image of unconventional things. Through deformation, writers can often get the original image.
In order to achieve the best artistic effect, we don't need to describe things with usual titles, but appear with a different vision and a different style.
26 refers to the situation that a writer creates a work quickly due to some external stimulus or internal impulse in the process of word operation.
Biographers repeatedly choose and transfer words and phrases in the process of text operation in order to accurately materialize psychological images into qualitative works.
"28" is one of the basic principles of literary creation, which requires writers to create subjectively and artistically, and to show their understanding and perception of the connotation of social life, especially those essential things, in their own hypothetical situations.
29 is one of the basic principles of literary creation, which requires writers to deal with individual or special things according to their own experience and understanding, and create artistic images with distinctive uniqueness and universality on the basis of the unity of subject and object.
30 is one of the basic principles of literary creation, which requires writers to experience and evaluate the objects of creation emotionally. Emotional evaluation is a subjective psychological process.
3 1 is one of the basic principles of literary creation, which requires writers to endow their creative objects with artistic forms. Formal creation is not only reflected in the grasp of the internal structure of the content, but also in the use of language materials and artistic means to make it appear in the form.
Realistic literature is a kind of literary form that pays attention to reproducing objective reality in a realistic way, and its basic characteristics are reproducibility and reality. Reproduction refers to the concrete description and simulation of the external reality of literary works, which requires literature to stand on the objective reality, face the reality rather than escape from it, so the basic feature of artistic expression means is realism, which depicts all kinds of things in life in a realistic way.
Ideal literature refers to a literary form that expresses subjective ideals in a direct lyrical way, and its basic characteristics are expressiveness and illusion. Expressiveness is a direct expression of the internal subjective world situation, and subjective ideal has a position above all else in ideal literature. Through exaggeration, distortion and fiction, we do not seek the truth of life, but follow the logic of emotion. Represented by romantic literature.
Symbolic literature is a literary form that pays attention to aesthetic implication in a suggestive way. Its basic characteristics are suggestibility and fuzziness, and it has the meaning of multi-level uncertainty. Represented by European symbolism, this is a school and literary trend of thought in the history of French literature.
One of 35 literary genres. It is generally believed that poetry, with the help of highly concise language with a sense of rhythm and musical beauty, creates an aesthetic artistic conception and image of "endless words and endless meanings" to express the poet's feelings. China's classical literary theory advocates "poetry expresses ambition", "poetry takes emotion as the body" and "poets take emotion as the root, Miao characters, Hua Sheng and true meaning". Both China and the West attach great importance to the characteristics of poetry expressing the poet's subjective feelings, and even narrative poems are quite lyrical. The poet's subjective emotion naturally comes from the external reality, but the external reality must be internalized into the poet's psychological reality, that is, it becomes a part of the poet's emotion before poetry can be written. In form, poetry is more rhythmic and musical than prose, novels and drama literature. No matter China's poems or western poems, they usually form a regular rhythm through the orderly arrangement of sounds; Most poems must rhyme. Even China's modern free verse pays attention to rhyme, but the rhyming method is relatively free. In addition, relatively speaking, poetry is more concise from content to form; The language is implicit and full of jumping. Poetry is one of the earliest literary styles. In the long-term historical development, different types have been formed, such as lyric poems, narrative poems, metrical poems, free poems, prose poems, sonnets, folk songs and so on.
One of the 36 literary genres. It is generally believed that with the help of artistic fiction, the narrative content is expressed in the form of prose, and the relationship, fate, personality, behavior, thoughts, feelings, psychological state and activity environment of the characters are described through certain storylines, which is the basic feature of the novel. Plot, characters and environment are the three elements of a novel. Plot is the history of characters and an important means to shape characters. The character is the core of the novel, and the environment is an important factor in the character's activities and character formation. Environment creates character, and character also creates environment. Novel is the most expressive genre in literature. Novels have the ability to describe everything that can be expressed in words, such as people, things and onomatopoeia, and describe people's feelings, hallucinations, dreams and even subconscious mental states. This makes it possible to vividly describe the historical picture existing in the vast space-time and the spiritual world in the hearts of characters in a certain space. At the same time, the author can also change the narrative perspective, change the narrative person, and use narrative, discussion, lyric and other methods to make the artistic expression of the novel gain philosophical and poetic brilliance, and enhance the ideological strength and artistic charm.
"Sanqi" is a literary genre that focuses on characters' lines and reflects contradictions and conflicts.
One of the literary genres. Its concept is different from ancient times to modern times. China's ancient prose refers to prose which is different from verse and parallel prose, including historical masterpieces. China's literary prose is developed from applied words and academic works (the earliest ones are classics, history and philosophers), and has never been completely divorced from them. China's modern prose refers to a literary style, which is called poetry, novel and drama literature, including essays, essays, short comments, essays, essays, newsletters, travel notes, reportage, letters, diaries and memoirs. According to its content and nature, it can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, lyric-oriented prose, narrative-oriented prose and argument-oriented prose. In the west, prose is not an independent literary genre like China, but refers to all literary works that don't rhyme. Therefore, novels and dramas that don't rhyme can be prose, and prose is also a kind of daily application. Prose has a wide range of topics, and its writing is flexible and varied. It can be narrative, lyrical, descriptive and argumentative. It can describe the image, psychology, environment and atmosphere like a novel, and create the artistic conception by metaphor, symbol and personification like a poem. This is the "scattered" feature of prose. However, prose is expensive and taboo, and it must be scattered but not chaotic, scattered and organized. Through the skill of scattering but not scattering, the profound thoughts and beautiful feelings are condensed into vivid pictures, the stories inside are integrated with the outside world, and the poems and realms are intertwined. It is simple and beautiful, simple and natural, with sonorous syllables and rich emotions, which not only has the flavor of life of the times, but also has personal style characteristics.
The prose genre that combines news and literature comes from news reports and documentary prose and is independent. Sketch, close-up, literary exchange. It takes narrative documentary as the main body and reports the truth as its own responsibility, that is, it requires that the people and things occupying the main body in the works must be true and have news value; After artistic processing, life is reflected by images, which is full of the writer's ideological tendency and emotional attitude and is literary. This style is the product of modern journalism, which prevailed in the Soviet Union and Europe and America at the beginning of the 20th century. In China after the May 4th Movement, some newsletters, travel notes and narrative essays have some characteristics of reportage. However, the formal advocacy and conscious creation of reportage began in the early 1930s, which was related to the left-wing literary movement and the introduction of foreign reportage.
40- The text of a literary work refers to a single literary work written by the author for reading. In the history of Chinese and foreign literary theories, some people regard the text as a multi-level aesthetic structure from the outside to the inside. For example, Wang Bi in ancient China put forward a hierarchical system of speech, image and meaning. The west has also put forward two-level theory, four-level theory and five-level theory. Generally speaking, we divide the text into three levels: one is the literary discourse level; Second, the level of literary image; Third, the level of literary implication.
4 1 typicality is a concept created by western literary theory, which has three stages of development. /kloc-genre theory before 0/7th century, 18 and19th century, after the 20th century, the western art center turned and the typical research was relatively silent, but the typical theory of Marxism developed in socialist countries and became the central topic. Aesthetic characteristics of literary typicality: Literary typicality is one of the advanced forms of literary images, which is more artistic than ordinary images and is a distinctive and charming figure in the literary discourse system. The aesthetic characteristics are: the characteristics of typical literature and the artistic charm of typical literature.
Typical characteristics of literature: The concept of characteristics was put forward by the German art historian hirt (1759- 1839). The so-called "characteristics" are those individual signs that constitute the essence. Extensively speaking, a feature can be a detail, a scene, a relationship between people, an event, etc. From the connotation point of view, the characteristics have two characteristics: its external image is extremely vivid, concrete and unique; Its inner essence, expressed through its external image, is extremely profound and rich.
Artistic conception refers to the image system characterized by scene blending in lyric works, and the aesthetic imagination space induced and developed by it. Like typical literature, artistic conception is also one of the advanced forms of literary image. Its characteristics are: (1) scene blending. Scenery blending is the expressive feature of artistic conception creation. (2) Virtual and reality coexist. The real part of artistic conception is called the real world, and the virtual part is called the virtual world. The real world refers to the vividly described scenery, shape and environment, also known as the real world, the event world and the material world. Virtual realm refers to the aesthetic imagination space induced and developed by real realm, so it is also called divine realm, divine realm and divine realm. Virtual realm is the sublimation of real realm, which embodies the intention and purpose of creating real realm, the artistic taste and aesthetic effect of the whole artistic conception, restricts the creation and description of real realm, and is in the position of soul and commander in chief in the artistic conception structure, so it has the alias of spiritual realm and spiritual realm. (3) Endless charm is the aesthetic feature of artistic conception, which refers to the aesthetic factors with endless aftertaste contained in artistic conception. It includes many factors such as emotion, reason, meaning, interest and taste, so it has many aliases such as charm, charm and interest.
Image is an aesthetic category initiated by China. The basic characteristics of aesthetic images are: literary images are actually conceptual images, which can also be divided into two States of existence in literary works, one is an image showing insufficient aesthetic ideals, and the other is an image showing sufficient aesthetic ideals. This aesthetic image has the following basic features: (1) The essential feature of aesthetic image is philosophy. (2) The expressive features of aesthetic images are symbolic; (3) The image characteristics of aesthetic images are absurd; (4) The thinking characteristic of aesthetic image is to directly participate in abstract thinking.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Russian formalism and later French structuralist literary criticism have formed new theoretical concepts in the study of narrative literature. An important difference between these new narrative theories and traditional narrative theories is that they do not pay attention to the characteristics of narrative content in specific works like traditional theories, but to the attributes of different works; The research object is no longer limited to the content elements, but takes the way of story narration, the voice characteristics of the narrator and the acceptance of narrative as new research objects. This is the so-called contemporary narratology.
The narrative of literature is a process of fictional social life events with words. There are two basic characteristics: first, the narrative content is the process of social life events, and it is the social behavior and result of people; The second narrative is the fiction of discourse. The object it refers to is different from the general discourse, and it does not point to real life. It points to the literary world of discourse novels.
Plot is a series of events organized according to causal logic. Foster is an English writer in the 20th century, and his concept of "plot" is very valuable. The plot is to explain and reorganize the accidental events along the time sequence with causality.
Surface structure: analyze the structure of the work from the narrative level; Narratology determines the smallest narrative unit. From the perspective of syntactic analysis, narrative content can be simplified into a series of basic sentence patterns, namely narrative sentences.
The foundation of the existence of deep structure is to believe that there is an intrinsic meaning relationship between specific narrative discourse and the whole cultural background that produces these discourses, which transcends the literal meaning of discourse.
Action logic refers to the inherent laws that govern the actions in the story. These laws include two levels: the logic of the story, without which the story cannot be understood. Each story is restricted by specific factors such as culture, literary genre and author's style, which leads to the unique logic of each story itself. The basic form of general action logic is the following three-stage sequence: possibility, turning into reality and achieving results.
5 1 The basic function of the characters in narrative works is to act as an action unit to promote the whole process of events. This is what we call the "action element". Role refers to the identity and independence caused by the character's own personality.
The time of this article, that is, the time actually needed to read this article; The other is the story time, that is, the fictional time relationship in the story. These two kinds of time can sometimes overlap, such as a scene in a narrative movie, a scene in a classical drama or a dialogue in a literary work. But in general, the time of this article and the time of the story are not only different in nature, but also different in length and order. The contradictory relationship between the two kinds of time forms the rhythm in the narrative structure, which is mainly reflected in the time sequence, duration and frequency.
Duration refers to the length of a continuous period of time. The duration of the story is certain, although some narrative rooms are marked and become warm and unclear. The length of this article refers to the reading time of a paragraph, but the reading time is not uniform, and no one can measure the standard length. We can't make a quantitative comparison between the two durations, but we can assume a "unified narrative", that is, the relationship between the duration of the story and the duration of this article always maintains an ideal narrative as a reference point, so as to compare the duration and rhythm characteristics in various narrative works. The influence of the change of the relationship between the two durations on narrative speed can be summarized into four forms: ellipsis, generalization, scene and pause.
Narrative frequency refers to the repetitive relationship between discourse and story content. Repetition includes two basic types: repetition of events and repetition of words. The former refers to the repetition of a certain kind of event, while the latter refers to the repetition of an event.
55 is also called focus, that is, the angle of observing and telling the story content in the work. The characteristics of perspective are determined by the narrator. Traditional narrative works mainly adopt the tone of bystander, that is, third-person narrative. There are many first-person narratives in recent narrative works. The second person claims that narration is a rare special phenomenon, and there is a more important special situation, that is, narration that changes person and perspective.
Narrative action, that is, the "narrative" behavior itself. If the narrative is a real event that exists in the outside world, then the narrative action: that is, how to tell these words is not very important. On the contrary, if the content is fictional, then how to tell it is important.
The existence of the narrator in the story is not only reflected in the narrative content and narrative discourse itself, but also in the narrative action, that is, what kind of tone or attitude is used to describe it, which is the "voice" of the narrator. Different narrative styles can also be distinguished from different narrative voices.
Lyricism: As a concept of literary theory, it has special and rich significance. In the European literary tradition, the word Lyric evolved from the word lyre in ancient Greece. The lyre originally refers to lyric short songs accompanied by the lyre, and later developed into a literary type that tends to express inner feelings. Lyric freehand brushwork is one of the most remarkable features of China traditional literature.
As a form of aesthetic discourse, lyric discourse has a special structure different from ordinary discourse system and narrative discourse, which highlights the sensibility of discourse and makes it powerful. In the process of creating expressive discourse, writers use various lyric behaviors or actions to dominate and organize lyric discourse, forming a series of lyric ways, making lyric discourse a creative and complex discourse system.
Lyric works and narrative works are symmetrical, and they are a kind of literary works that mainly express the writer's inner emotional activities in the form of formal discourse organization. It is different from narrative works in reflecting life, expressing thoughts and feelings, creating aesthetic value and realizing the ideological function of literature. In order to express profound social significance and unique inner life, lyric writers must create meaningful discourse forms, thus producing lyric works that directly integrate lyric content and lyric discourse.
6 1 Lyric works express emotions through special forms of discourse organization. Lyric content and lyric discourse constitute two basic elements of lyric works.
62 is the uniqueness of the unity of content and form embodied in a series of writers' works, and it is the imprint of the writer's creative personality on his works. It is a relatively stable overall discourse feature caused by the writer's creative personality and specific discourse situation.
Creative personality, also known as artistic personality, usually refers to the writer's personal talent characteristics in his creation. This personal talent is highlighted in how he finds his favorite theme from life and expresses it in his own unique way of feeling, thinking and communication.
Literature consumption can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it refers to literary reading and appreciation, and in a narrow sense, it refers to the fact that literary works have become special commodities consumed by people since modern times.
Before and during the reading of literature, readers, as recipients, often have established psychological structures due to complex personal and social reasons. The existing psychological schema on which readers read this article is called expectation horizon. In the specific literary reading activities, this horizon of expectation mainly presents three levels: stylistic expectation, image expectation and implication expectation.