The history of China's ancient economic development 1. The reasons for the economic development in various historical development periods in ancient China. The reasons for the development of agricultural (animal husbandry) handicrafts and commercial primitive social productive forces generally used grinding stone tools, bones, bones, wood and pottery; Banpo people have mastered the technology of planting millet and planted vegetables and hemp; Animal husbandry includes pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep, chickens and buffaloes. Banpo people have high textile skills. They can weave linen and make linen clothes. Banpo people make painted pottery; In the late Dawenkou period, there was commodity exchange in the late bronze ware manufacturing period, and the formation of slavery in Xia Dynasty was beneficial to the development of production. Turn the ground with wooden barriers and shovels, and harvest crops with stone knives and mussels. Primitive agricultural irrigation technology, the development of bronze manufacturing industry (not used for production) and the development of slavery in Shang Dynasty; Agriculture, where slaves worked hard, was the main sector of production in Shang Dynasty. "five grains"; The handicraft industry of pigs, cattle, sheep, horses and dogs is very developed; Bronze manufacturing industry is an important sector (raw materials are copper, tin and lead, which made Siyangfangzun and Muswuding), and slavery was highly developed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Implement the state-owned land system and the well field system; The hard work of slaves made most crops in later generations have a finer division of labor; Handicraft workshops used all slave labor, which led to the development of slave market productivity (improvement of production tools) and the use of iron in agriculture and handicraft production in the Spring and Autumn Period. Start using Niu Geng; In the late spring and autumn period, more and more people began to use charcoal for reclamation, and the furnace temperature was raised by skin blowing to smelt iron. Social progress during the Warring States period: under the feudal system, the status of farmers was higher than that of slaves, and their enthusiasm for production was also improved; The improvement of production tools and the improvement of the use of iron farm tools are more common; Gradually promote Niu Geng; Building water conservancy projects and flood control irrigation, such as Dujiang Banquet and Zheng Guoqu Ye He, play an important role; All countries have iron smelting centers, such as Wanhe in Chu State and Handan in Zhao State. The edible salt industry includes Shandong sea salt, Shanxi pool salt and stone salt; Handicraft the beautiful silk and linen fabrics and smooth and meticulous horses in the north, ivory in the south, fish salt in the east and leather in the west gather in the Central Plains market; Linzi, Daliang, Ying, etc. Have developed into emerging feudal cities, where there are places to buy and sell; The rise of feudal cities, such as Linzi, Handan, Daliang, Ying and other emerging feudal cities, is both a feudal political center and a commercial center. The unification of the Qin dynasty is conducive to the stability of people's lives and the development of social production. Unify currency, weights and measures and writing to promote economic development; In the border development, primitive ironware and advanced production technology were introduced into the Yue nationality area, which promoted the development of local production. Ceramic technology is high, and the round square hole money of terracotta warriors and horses can be made as the currency that passes through the country. The rulers of the Western Han Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty, who were measured in a unified way, learned the lessons from the death of Qin Dynasty, and in order to consolidate feudal rule and restore social economy, they adopted a policy of recuperation that was conducive to economic recovery. National unity and social stability; Improvement and popularization of production technology and tools; Close foreign contacts from Bohai to Hexi Corridor, from the Great Wall of Wan Li to the Yangtze River, Niu Geng is widely used in many areas; Niu Geng not only widely used the coupling plough of two cows and three people, but also invented the farming method of two Niu Yi people. Construction of six auxiliary canals and white canals for water conservancy projects; When the variety of crops increases and grapes, alfalfa, stone heads and carrots are introduced from the western regions, jacquard machines have been used in textile industry, which is a great progress in textile technology. Silk products include brocade, embroidery, silk, yarn and so on. Foreign trade is quite prosperous along the "Silk Road" starting from Chang 'an. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to ease class contradictions and alleviate the oppression and exploitation of the people, Emperor Guangwu adjusted his ruling policy, which was conducive to economic recovery. Improvement of production tools; The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty attached great importance to building water conservancy projects, and was responsible for harnessing the Yellow River during the Ming Di period. After 1978, the economy resumed development, the population and cultivated land increased, and the government's land rent and tax revenue also increased. Du, the prefect of Nanyang, invented bellows in water conservancy. After Zhang was blown away to smelt iron, all ethnic groups in the western regions obtained iron from the Han nationality and learned iron smelting technology from the mainland. The rulers of the three countries attach importance to economic development; In order to avoid war, a large number of farmers in the north moved south, bringing advanced farming techniques and promoting the economic development in the south; Improvement of production tools and technology; Strengthening national integration After the establishment of Wei State, it attached importance to agriculture and built many water conservancy projects in the Huaihe River basin. Ma Jun of Wei invented and manufactured advanced irrigation and drainage tools to turn over; Shu set up banquet officials at the banquet to encourage ethnic minorities to develop their economy; In the State of Wu, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities * * * developed the silk industry of Shu in the south of the Yangtze River. Wu's shipbuilding industry is very developed, and the marketing of Shu brocade in Wei has become one of the main sources of government finance. The development of maritime traffic and trade in Wu. Since the late Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern farmers have gone south, bringing advanced production technologies and tools, and jointly developing the Jiangnan area with the southern working people. The great integration of all ethnic groups in the Yellow River Basin and the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted economic development. The south is more stable than the north: many water conservancy projects have been built and a large number of fertile fields have been cultivated; Wheat planting began to spread, and Niu Geng was promoted; Rice planting technology has been improved in the north: the implementation of equal field system, the increase of wasteland reclamation, the recovery and development of the northern economy, the unification of the Sui Dynasty, the stability of social class, and the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south; Rulers attach great importance to economic development, and the implementation of equal land system is conducive to economic development. The excavation of the Grand Canal has promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South. The area of cultivated land has increased and the output of crops has increased. Chang 'an and Luoyang official warehouses have reached a high level of grain storage, which can build magnificent warships. Luoyang is home to tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen, and commerce is in its heyday. Yang Di sent people to beg for mercy three times. Some sent people to the Western Regions, and many businessmen from the Western Regions came to Chang 'an and Luoyang to prepare for the lessons of Tang Sheng's unification in the Tang and Sui Dynasties, economic development and Sui Dynasty's death. In the early Tang Dynasty, the rulers learned the lessons from the Sui Dynasty, adjusted their ruling policies, and implemented the system of land equalization and tenancy adjustment, which was conducive to the positive development of the economy. From Emperor Taizong to Xuanzong, politics was relatively stable and clear; Working people improve production tools and technology; Strengthen the ties between ethnic groups and carry out extensive foreign exchanges; The rulers attached importance to the development of science and technology, improved the structure of plows, made curved plows and created new irrigation tools. Build water conservancy projects, dig a series of irrigation canals in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, and repair old canals and river banquets; Reclaim a large number of barren land and increase the population. The Tang Dynasty is an important period for the development of silk industry. Dingzhou, Yizhou and Yangzhou are all famous for weaving various kinds of silk brocade. A kind of Hua Niaowen brocade reflects the superb brocade technology in the Tang Dynasty. White porcelain in Xingzhou and celadon in Yuezhou also created the famous "Three Colors of the Tang Dynasty"; Xuanzhou and Yizhou Chang 'an, which are famous for their paper industry, are not only the political centers of the whole country, but also the centers of economic and cultural exchanges among Asian countries. Both Dongcheng and Xicheng are bustling business districts with businessmen from various countries and nationalities. Developed transportation, economic exchanges with North Korea and Japan, and frequent trade with India and West Asian countries; Setting up a city envoy in Guangzhou to manage foreign trade ended the division of the five dynasties and ten countries in the northern song dynasty and was conducive to economic development; Wang Anshi's political reform promoted economic development to a certain extent; With the development of national integration, the planting area of crops has expanded, and millet, wheat, millet and beans from Huaibei have been planted in Jiangnan, Guangdong and other places. Zhancheng rice imported from Vietnam is widely planted in Fujian, and the government has also extended it to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Huaihe River basins. Many tea trees have been developed in the hilly areas of Fujian and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The implementation of the Farmland Water Conservancy Law has led to many water conservancy projects in various places, and the technical level of silk weaving industry is also the highest in Sichuan, with more silk products than the previous generation. The porcelain-making industry in the Northern Song Dynasty greatly surpassed the previous generation, and its producing areas were more widely distributed. Ding kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln and Jun kiln were famous porcelain kilns at that time. Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province is famous for producing white porcelain, and its products are exported at home and abroad. Urban and rural residents in Shanxi and Tokyo have used coal as fuel, and there are more than 30 iron smelting centers in the northeast of Xuzhou with 4000 craftsmen.