Several common problems and countermeasures

Since 2003, China's construction market has gradually implemented the bidding mode of bill of quantities, which has promoted construction.

With the deepening of cost management reform and system innovation, a new situation of government macro-control, independent quotation of enterprises and orderly competition in the market has been established.

noodle In recent years' work practice, the author has a deep understanding of the valuation mode of bill of quantities and accumulated some experience.

This paper sorts out several common problems in the usual implementation of bill of quantities pricing model, aiming at attracting more attention and making the bill of quantities pricing model useful.

More perfect and standardized, so that the quantity is accurate and the price is affordable.

Common problems and countermeasures of cost management based on keyword bill of quantities valuation

With the implementation of the bidding system for engineering construction in China, the construction

With the increasingly standardized market, project cost management is changing from the traditional "quantity and price"

The traditional "one-in-one" quota pricing model is gradually moving towards "separation of quantity and price"

The valuation mode of bill of quantities has changed, reflecting the public

The principle of open, fair and just competition meets the requirements of China's entry into world trade.

The organization (W T0) meets the requirements of international standards, which is conducive to the formation of the government.

Benign macro-control, independent quotation of enterprises, dynamic supervision of departments

Mechanism. It can be said that the implementation of the bill of quantities valuation model, give me

The field of national cost management has brought a profound revolution. Just because

China fully implements the bill of quantities pricing model for cost management.

Science is the general trend, if we don't study and study engineering in depth.

Bill of quantities pricing, we can't get involved in engineering and market, to work.

It is difficult to effectively control and manage the project cost. It can be seen that

Solving some common problems of bill of quantities valuation in cost management

Topic, help us improve the valuation model of bill of quantities, and combine them into one.

One step to standardize the behavior of the construction market, save investment costs, and achieve due

Economic and social benefits.

1 Basic knowledge of bill of quantities valuation

1. 1 the meaning of bill of quantities valuation

Bill of quantities pricing is based on the employer by the contractor.

Set up a project (pricing project), unify the measurement rules and measurement list.

The actual bill of quantities of the project provided in the specified format, including

Engineering practice, market practice and enterprise practice, fully consider all kinds of.

After the risk, it is suggested to comprehensively include cost, profit and tax.

Unit price, thus forming the project price. This pricing method and scheme

The pricing process reflects the enterprise's autonomy in the project price, which is beneficial to

The formation of market competition mechanism conforms to the requirements of socialist market economy.

The principle that the price of the next project is formed by the market.

1.2 characteristics of bill of quantities valuation

First of all, the bill of quantities valuation adopts comprehensive unit price, comprehensive

The unit price includes direct cost, indirect cost, profit and tax. no

Like the previous fixed pricing, the fixed direct fee is calculated first, and then the price is calculated.

Poor, finally calculate all kinds of expenses to know the project cost. mutually

In contrast, the bill of quantities valuation is simpler and more applicable.

Project cost management.

Secondly, using a unified bill of quantities, construction enterprises can

Factors such as economy, technology, quality and progress have all been scientifically calculated and refined.

The determination of comprehensive unit price and the sum of independent variables in project cost

Factors that fluctuate greatly, such as building materials prices and specific projects.

Construction measures and management fees shall be quoted independently. This is the fee.

Points introduced the market competition mechanism, and through competition to determine the tender,

The project contract price acceptable to both bidders is in line with the market.

The operating law of market economy.

Third, the use of bill of quantities is conducive to the concentration of bidders.

Evaluate, analyze and calculate the unit price of each expense.

Conditions, reasonable selection of competitive construction organizations and measures,

So as to promote enterprises to grasp management, practice internal strength, reduce costs and improve efficiency.

Fourth, the tender list can be saved in the tender with bill of quantities.

Time, effort and bidding cost. Because the bidding process usually

That is, multiple units participate in a bid, and there is only one winning unit.

It is a company, and the expenses of unsuccessful units cannot be compensated.

Causing a waste of social labor resources. Bidding with bill of quantities

It can shorten the bidding time and make the bidding work more scientific.

Reasonable. Fifth, the use of bill of quantities bidding is conducive to the realization of the wind

Reasonably allocate risks. Construction projects are usually complex and periodic.

Long, many engineering changes, high risk. Bill of quantities quotation,

The bidder is only responsible for the cost and unit price of its quotation, and

Not responsible for design changes and engineering quantity calculation errors, this part

The risk is borne by the owner. This is in line with risk sharing, responsibility, rights and interests.

Principle of reciprocity.

1.3 the function of bill of quantities

The bill of quantities is the basis for compiling the pre-tender estimate and pre-tender estimate.

Quotation, determination of contract price, calculation of engineering change price, additional contract

Same price, progress payment, completion settlement and settlement claim.

On the basis of. An accurate, comprehensive and standardized bill of quantities is not only beneficial

In the management of project cost, it is also beneficial to the employer's engineering system.

Control of the target.

2 Several common valuation modes of bill of quantities

question

2. 1 The accuracy of the bill of quantities and the completeness of the project are difficult.

guarantee

Because the main basis for compiling the bill of quantities is the tender documents.

Parts, construction drawings and physical quantities will affect the quality of construction drawings.

Higher requirements are put forward, and designers must first learn the engineering quantity.

The method of compiling the list makes the physical quantities accurate and expressive.

Type conforms to the requirements of the bill of quantities, because each quantity

Errors affect the valuation of the bill of quantities and every design change.

It also involves expenses and settlement. Anyone who has been engaged in engineering appraisal

The staff all know that it is difficult to calculate the engineering quantity accurately.

Due to the uncertainty of design, the "valuation standard" in the bill of quantities

There are some problems in the calculation rules themselves, and the level of appraisers is poor.

Different grades make it difficult to accurately calculate the engineering quantity. Obviously,

The deviation of single project quantity calculation has great influence on the total project cost.

Big, often lead to bidding failure or settlement disputes and wrangling.

A series of questions.

For example, in a pile foundation project bidding, we are correct.

I looked at several quotations in detail and found the tender of Company A..

The lowest price, but later found that although the company's offer is low, but its

There are omissions in the breakdown of the quotation sheet, and there are a lot of omissions.

Cost. If the missing cost is added, the company will make an offer.

Will be higher than the quotations of other bidders. Finally, our suggestions

Please note that the lowest bidder wins the bid.

Another example is that we once encountered an earthwork, because

The design department is negligent in its work and there are omissions in the construction drawing.

The cubic meter is 280,000 cubic meters less than the field measurement, which affects the cost 100.

More than 1 10,000 yuan, resulting in the construction unit stopping work after winning the bid.

2.2 The brands and prices of equipment and materials in the bill of quantities are different.

Unified, leading to great differences in bid quotations.

For civil engineering, because many main materials are made of

The price management department has given the reference information price, so the rest of the materials are correct.

The impact of the total cost is very small, so the bill of quantities quotation has little impact on the building.

The price of project quotation has little influence; However, installation projects and

On the other hand, the characteristic of decoration engineering is that the cost of equipment and materials accounts for its total amount.

The cost is very high (for industrial projects such as industrial buildings, equipment costs may account for)

50-60% of the total investment). The prices of equipment and materials are in the same specification.

In this case, its price depends on the manufacturer, brand, grade and mining.

Purchase channels, etc.

For example, the import price of a high-voltage switchgear may be 10.

For an extra 10,000 yuan, the price of a Sino-foreign joint venture factory may be 80,000-90,000 yuan.

Yuan a set, and state-owned factories may be 40-50 thousand yuan a set, one

A small factory may only have 20,000-30,000 yuan, and the high-voltage switchgear

The initial installation fee is fixed and small (only a few hundred yuan), accounting for only

Its equipment cost is 1%, or even less. Therefore, for the installation project,

The bidding quotation of decoration projects varies greatly from family to family, and it is generally available.

More than 20% has a considerable impact on the tender offer.

Another example is that the price of decorative materials is determined by the market.

It is also related to the source and texture of materials (such as granite) in each plane.

Party from tens to hundreds of yuan, if only indicated in the tender documents.

The exposed paving material is granite, but the origin and documents of the material are not indicated.

Second, the difference in material prices is bound to be great. Therefore, for this kind of

If the items in the bill of quantities in the tender documents are wrong,

The specific requirements of materials and the differences of bidding quotations of various tendering units are given.

It must be big, too.

2.3 The relevant provisions of the tender documents are not clear enough.

The compilation quality of project bidding documents is the focus of project cost management.

A key. However, some of our projects are still due to

Solve disputes and claims caused by unclear provisions of some clauses.

The occurrence of.

For example, projects that adopt bill of quantities bidding and comprehensive unit price package.

Projects with bill of quantities valuation mode, total price adjustment and bidding documents

The contract price adjustment agreement is: except for the increase or decrease of engineering quantity, the price can be fixed by 2.

Under no circumstances will adjustments be made. This project

Later, due to no increase, many changes have taken place in the sub-items of the list.

The agreement to reduce the list subtitle leads to the settlement of the construction unit in the project.

The occurrence of disputes and claims.

2.4 it is difficult to find a unified operation to determine the "reasonable low bid"

standard

Article 33 of the newly promulgated Bidding Law stipulates:

"A bidder shall not bid at a price lower than the cost price"; fortieth

First, it is stipulated that the bid of the winning bidder shall meet the requirements of the tender documents.

Substantive requirements, and the bid evaluation price is the lowest, except that the bid price is lower than the cost price. Obviously, these provisions stipulate that

The principle of price formation and determination in the process of bidding, and reflect

The management mode and valuation method of engineering cost in China have been further changed.

The guiding ideology of reform, the essence of which is "fair competition and reasonable management".

Winning the bid at a low price, but not lower than the cost price. "

But in practice, due to the influence of the bidding subject's own factors,

The constraints of the ring and the current engineering cost valuation method shall be carried out in the bid evaluation.

It is often difficult to define whether the lowest quotation is reasonable or low.

At cost price. At the same time, in the intensified construction.

In the market competition, some contractors blindly reduce their investment.

In order to win the bid at a low price and survive in the competition, bidders often

Forced to bid too low. This unhealthy competitive behavior,

It has brought great impact to the normal operation of the construction market.

For example, the tender control price of a greening project is greater than 1 10.

About 10 thousand yuan, a bidder won the bid with the lowest price of more than 500 thousand yuan.

Why does the tenderer dare to quote a price so poor from the tender control price?

What about the long bid? The reason is that the bidder has passed through various channels in advance.

Ask and understand the main tree species that need to be replaced after the project is completed.

And it is a high-priced tree species, and I will change the tree species in the future.

In order to win the bid at a low price, our company's price is too low.

Therefore, the project has implemented a total contract method.

If you can't change the tree species at will, the project will be unsustainable and can't be built.

Both design units and construction units have suffered losses to varying degrees.

Another example is in a project with a cost of about 20 million.

In public bidding, the difference between the winning bid and the second lowest bid is only 13 yuan, while the winning bid is only 13 yuan.

The standard unit technical standard score is only about 60 points (the technical requirements are just right)

Qualified), the second lowest bid unit technical bid score as high as 90.

More points, and because the bidding principle is that the technical bid is qualified and the quotation is the lowest.

Whoever wins the bid will reach the "reasonable low price", so he is strong.

Thick, high-tech construction enterprises (the second lowest quotation unit) only

Being able to watch others win the bid is ultimately reflected in the project cost.

Moreover, there are many problems in the implementation effect of the project.

2.5 bidders use the bill of quantities for unbalanced quotation, namely

"ambush" to increase project cost

In the project bidding, in order to win the bid,

And in order to obtain high profits through project implementation in the future, it is often set up.

Set technical trap, unbalanced quotation, and increase project cost.

"ambush"

(1) When bidding, the bidder intentionally modifies the bidding report.

The bill of quantities in the price list causes the total bid price to be ostensibly low.

Price, and the list unit price is not low, resulting in the settlement of the total cost after winning the bid.

Increase.

For example, we are reviewing the restoration and addition of road facades.

In the settlement project, it is found that the winning contract price of this project is 690,000 yuan.

The settlement cost is 6,543,800 yuan. The reason why this happened.

Is the construction unit not according to the requirements of the tender documents, modify the vote without authorization.

The bill of quantities of the tender offer book will be uniformly lowered for each item of quantities.

16%, and the total price obtained by multiplying the unit price by the engineering quantity is 1.

The price is low, but in fact the unit price of the bill of quantities remains at one.

At the next higher level, in the process of project bidding and bid evaluation, the relevant personnel do not

Note that this led to the bidder winning the bid and the above problems.

(2) the tenderer in the tender offer, in order to achieve low

The purpose of winning the bid is to deliberately modify the partial items of the bill of quantities.

Price, quantity multiplied by unit price is not equal to price, so

As a result, the total bid price is reduced, and the unit price is inflated according to the list after winning the bid.

And the actual engineering quantity.

For example, the contract price of a road facade restoration project is

6.5438+0.23 million yuan, and the settlement cost is 2.09 million yuan. The reason is construction.

Unit is not in accordance with the requirements of the "tender documents", in the tender offer, to

This method is modified to reduce the total bid price, resulting in a relatively empty unit price in the list.

2 1. 15% higher, and won the bid under the negligence of the bid evaluation personnel.

As a result, the contract price of the project cannot reflect the real cost of the project.

The amount of progress payment paid has exceeded the actual settlement of the project.

Information quantity.

2.6 The construction contract is not standardized enough, which leads to the increase of project cost.

Or there is a claim problem.

Some of our projects have ended in the development process.

The terms of the contract are not comprehensive and rigorous, not standardized enough, and are prone to problems.

The current wrangling treatment leads to the increase of project cost.

For example, we are checking the improvement and weakness of a road and a drainage channel.

When the civil engineering of electric pipeline is settled, it is found that the contract price is

6.5438+0.36 million yuan, and the settlement cost is 6.5438+0.39 million yuan. According to the tender documents

"Provisions: the construction contract method adopts the bill of quantities quotation, single item

Fixed price and total price adjustment. Construction unit and construction sheet

Do not pay attention when signing the construction contract, and change the bidding documents at will.

The agreed construction contracting method adopts the total price contracting method.

The results show that the quantity of cable excavation far exceeds the construction drawing.

The number of actual paper construction, this alone increases the number of projects submitted for review.

Cost 126300 yuan.

Although under the mode of bill of quantities valuation, its single project

The comprehensive unit price is not due to the difficulty of construction and poor technical measures.

Different costs and other changes are adjusted to reduce the contractor's claim, but

Yes, if the bill of quantities provided by the employer is very different from the actual situation.

Difference, or design changes caused by the increase or decrease of quantities, double.

China's ideas will also increase greatly.

(1) Because the contractor adopts unbalanced quotation, when bidding,

There are omissions in the bill of quantities or design changes in the contract.

When causing the increase or decrease of quantities in the bill of quantities, the Employer shall not

Do not negotiate with the contractor to determine the new unit price and carry out the change project.

Pricing.

(2) The items in the bill of quantities are "tentative prices" or "items"

"Signing a contract is tentative, and the project cost will be difficult to control.

Leading to engineering disputes and claims.

3 where each link needs to be improved and perfected

It should be said that the valuation mode of bill of quantities is used in project cost management

It has played a positive and effective role in theory, but it is like a work in some respects.

Cheng bidding, construction contract conclusion, project settlement and other links are also

There are many places that need to be improved and perfected.

First of all, the formulation of policies should ensure fairness from the procedure, not

It not only ensures the interests of the construction unit, but also protects the interests of bidders.

Interests, so that all parties involved in the same starting line, really rely on reality.

Compete compulsorily. The bill of quantities should reflect the construction units and facilities.

The true wishes of both parties in the work unit, and be fair and just. about

The review of the bidding bill of quantities should give the bidder enough time.

Between. In the audit process, if the bidder does not raise questions, in the future,

If the quantity is found to be short or bad during the execution or settlement, it shall be borne by the bidder.

Risk; If in doubt, put forward in writing, the construction unit should verify.

And reply to all bidders in writing, listing written questions and answers.

If any discrepancy is found after signing the contract, the responsible person shall bear the risk. this

The way to do this is to avoid disputes, risks and construction orders in advance.

Both parties and the construction unit intentionally cause or use inaccurate lists.

Create opportunities for claims and counterclaims.

For the consumption of measures, it is obvious that bidders know more about their actual situation.

Force and measures to be taken. So the measures in the list

Consumption items and expenses shall be designed by the bidder according to the construction organization.

And the technical equipment capacity of their own enterprises, which

Be responsible for completeness, certainty and accuracy, and bear the resulting wind.

Risk. If there is any doubt about this, the bid evaluation committee may clarify it through bidding.

In the implementation, the change of construction measures should go through supervision and construction list.

Status of understanding, and the cost of measures only reduce, can prevent and reduce.

The occurrence of disputes and claims.

Secondly, due to the local labor, materials, machinery, the main

The cost of materials is different, so the fluctuation range of prices in the list is relatively low.

Large expenses should be listed separately for adjustment. Suggestion in bill of quantities

Make clear the quality, origin and specifications of the main materials in the quotation sheet (No.

Just indicate the brand and manufacturer), especially for artistry, new technology,

This is especially true for projects that use new materials. If the bidder's bid unit price and

The expected price difference of the construction unit can be communicated by the bid evaluation committee.

Clarify after bidding to reduce the disputes on cost and quality in the future.

Discussion, better control and determine the project cost.

Third, bid evaluation should not go through the motions and be selected hastily. In the examination of the vote

When bidding according to standard units, the total quotation and individual quotation should be integrated.

Comprehensive analysis. The total price meets the requirements does not mean that the unit price quotation meets the requirements.

Requirements; The lowest total quotation does not mean the lowest single quotation. correct

Some quotations are obviously higher or lower than those of other bidders.

Price or social average price, should be in accordance with international practice, bidding.

Procedure for confirming unit price. At the same time, to achieve the unit price and the corresponding project.

The comprehensive calculation of engineering quantity and the unit price with large engineering quantity should be emphatically analyzed. this

In addition, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the unit price and work content, construction scheme and technology.

Rationality of operation process.

Fourth, strengthening contract audit management is the responsibility of the government, the government and the government.

Level administrative departments and the parties to the contract, bill of quantities

Price model is one of the important contents of after-the-fact tracking, and it is also control.

An important means of engineering claim. In order to control and determine the cost,

The signing of the contract is very important, and governments and administrative departments at all levels

If the contract is reviewed before signing, it is also in the process of winning the bid.

After that, whether the two parties to the contract check and adjust if there are any mistakes.

Whether the whole price is determined and adjusted according to relevant regulations and whether it is supplemented.

Can you avoid foreseeable claims by filling in the blanks in the bidding documents?

Whether the project quality, construction period and construction guarantee measures are reasonable and advanced.

In order to ensure the legality of the subject and content of the contract, the terms of the contract

Rationality, safeguard the economic interests of both parties to the contract and improve the contract.

Compliance rate, to ensure that the claim is reasonable, to put an end to the corruption behind the claim.

Lose the deal.

The above points are just the problems I encountered in my work.

Due to the limited level, the analysis is inevitably biased. But I am

I believe that as long as we pay attention to the above problems and match them with perfect measures.

Shi, will be able to effectively control and manage the project cost.

Manage and standardize various market behaviors of construction projects, and further improve the construction.

The investment benefit of project funds is of great significance to building a conservation-oriented society.

Very important practical significance.

refer to

[1] Code for Valuation with Bill of Quantities of Construction Projects (GB50500-2003)

State Planning Press.

[2] Liu Jian, some suggestions on solving problems related to bidding and evaluation, Shenzhen Construction

Project price information 2004-5.