This new road is the concrete embodiment of combining Marxism with China's specific national conditions. It is the development and deepening of Marxism and provides valuable experience for the revolutions in Asia, Africa, Latin America and other countries in the United States. At the same time, the China Revolution turned a new page and fired the first shot of armed opposition to reactionaries.
The Basic Theory of Rural Surrounding Cities and Winning National Victory in the End
(1) The basic basis for rural areas to encircle cities and finally win national victory
(2) The main content of the theory that the countryside encircles the city and finally wins the whole country.
① The reasons and conditions for the long-term existence and development of the red regime in China.
② the idea of "armed separation of workers and peasants"
(3) The discussion that China's revolution must take the road of encircling the city from the countryside instead of the other way.
The revolutionary road of encircling the cities from the countryside and finally winning the national victory is a development road and general strategy with China characteristics gradually explored by China producers represented by Mao Zedong in the practice of leading the China revolution. Its basic content is that China's democratic revolution first launched peasant armed riots in rural areas where the enemy's ruling power was weak, established the people's army, established revolutionary base areas, and combined armed struggle, agrarian revolution and political power to build a strategic base area to support the long-term revolutionary war. Relying on the base areas to accumulate and develop revolutionary forces, with the revolutionary war, the people's armed forces and the development of the base areas, the strategic situation of encircling cities from rural areas was gradually created, and finally national victory was achieved. Following the Nanchang Uprising in August 1927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising on the Hunan-Jiangxi border in September of that year, and formed the First Division of the First Army of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army with more than 5,000 people. After the Battle of Sanwan and the reorganization, Mao Zedong led less than 1,000 troops into Jinggangshan area at 5438+00 in late June, and began to create the first rural revolutionary base area under the leadership of China * * * Production Party. 1April, 928, Zhu De and Chen Yi led the rest of Nanchang Uprising and the peasant army of Southern Hunan Uprising. With the help of Mao Zedong, the two armies joined forces in Jinggangshan, co-edited as the Fourth Army of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army, Zhu De as the commander, and Mao Zedong as the party representative and secretary of the Military Commission, which strengthened the military strength of the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area and had great significance and influence on the development of the Red Army and the Agrarian Revolutionary War. During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, under the leadership of the * * * Production Party, more than a dozen revolutionary base areas were established in the south and Shaanxi-Gansu regions. Mao Zedong led the whole party and army to establish War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 19 base area; The war of liberation established the northeast base area and developed the vast liberated areas in North China, East China, Central China and Northwest China. The establishment and development of these base areas and liberated areas gradually expanded the strategic situation of encircling cities from rural areas and played a decisive strategic role in the final victory of the whole country. This revolutionary road founded by the Communist Party of China (CPC), represented by Mao Zedong, is unique in the history of proletarian revolutionary war in the world, and has developed Marxism–Leninism's theory of violent revolution.
(1) established the revolutionary war led by the proletariat, and pointed the main strategic direction to the theory and art of rural struggle for the first time. France's "Paris Commune" and Russia's "October Revolution" both first pointed their main strategic direction to the central city. Semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China was a backward agricultural country. The main force of Sanshan is entrenched in the central city, and the countryside is the weak link of their rule. Mao Zedong resolutely decided to point the main strategic direction to rural areas, establish rural revolutionary base areas and take the revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas.
(2) Successfully solved the problem of relying on base areas to accumulate and develop revolutionary forces. With the development of the base areas, the revolutionary forces are also growing.
(3) the problem of developing the revolutionary army and carrying out revolutionary wars with peasants as the main body has been solved. The liberated peasants turned over to defend their own interests, actively joined the army and supported the front. China's revolutionary war is essentially a peasant war under the leadership of China's * * * Production Party.
④ Successfully solved the problem of developing from guerrilla warfare to mobile warfare. With the expansion of the base areas, the people's armed forces expanded from guerrillas to regular troops, which solved the problem of developing from guerrilla warfare to mobile warfare and regular warfare. China people and people's army, under the leadership of China Producers' Party and Mao Zedong, have persistently and resolutely advanced along this revolutionary road for a long time, developed base areas and revolutionary wars, and launched various revolutionary movements. After more than 20 years of hard struggle, 1949, they finally overthrew the rule of three big mountains in China, won national victory and established People's Republic of China (PRC). Practice has proved that this is the only correct way for China's revolution.
Armed struggle is the main form of China revolution.
1. China revolution must take long-term armed struggle as the main form, which is determined by China's national conditions: (1) China is a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, with no democratic system inside and no national independence outside. China revolution cannot defeat the enemy through legal struggle. (2) The reactionary rulers in China are cruel, armed with powerful counter-revolutionary forces and aided by imperialism, which determines that the main form of China's revolution is armed revolution against armed counter-revolution.
2. Understanding of the extreme importance of armed revolution: It was at the August 7th meeting of the Party that the Chinese Production Party formulated the general policy of carrying out agrarian revolution and armed resistance to the Kuomintang rule. At this meeting, Mao Zedong's thought of armed struggle was initially formed: political power came out of the barrel of a gun; It is impossible to engage in pure military struggle, and the revolutionary armed forces must be combined with the broad masses of the people; We should make the armed forces revolutionary and the people armed.
3. Long-term armed struggle must be combined with other unarmed forms of struggle (such as workers' movement, farmers' movement, youth movement, students' movement, women's movement and various struggles on ideological and political lines, etc.). ); Other forms of struggle must revolve around armed struggle and cannot be divorced from it; On the contrary, without the cooperation and support of other forms of revolutionary struggle, it is difficult for armed struggle to achieve final victory.
Bottom line: the revolutionary road of encircling cities from the countryside and seizing political power by armed forces.
1. The China Revolution took the road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing power by armed forces, which was determined by the national conditions of China. (1) In the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society of China, farmers account for the vast majority of the national population, while the number of working class is very small. Therefore, the proletariat must go deep into the countryside, mobilize the armed peasants, establish the rural revolutionary regime, carry out the agrarian revolution, establish the profound social foundation of the revolutionary forces, and finally win the whole country. (2) The enemies of the China Revolution are extremely powerful and have occupied the central cities for a long time. The vast rural areas, especially the remote mountainous areas far away from the cities, are the weak links of the enemy's ruling power. Therefore, only by accumulating strength in rural areas, taking the revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces can China finally win national victory, which is the only correct choice.
2. The fundamental reason why China Revolution embarked on the revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces: (1) China is a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country with extremely unbalanced political and economic development and isolated urban and rural areas. This basic national condition provided the fundamental conditions for the China Revolution to establish a revolutionary regime in rural areas. On the one hand, the unbalanced economic development in China has created economic and political conditions for the proletariat to mobilize farmers, carry out armed struggle and establish red political power in the vast economically backward rural areas; On the other hand, due to the unbalanced political development in China, the imperialist countries fought in China to divide their spheres of influence, creating living space for the establishment and development of the Red Army and revolutionary base areas. (2) The existence of the political influence of the national revolution provided good objective conditions for the survival and development of the red regime. (3) The continuous development of the national revolutionary situation is another objective condition for the existence and development of rural revolutionary base areas. (4) The existence of a formal Red Army with considerable strength is a necessary subjective condition for the existence and development of the red regime. (5) The correct leadership of China's * * * production party and the strength of its party organizations at all levels are the premise and fundamental guarantee for the existence and development of the red regime in China.
3. The core idea of rural encircling cities and seizing political power by armed forces-the idea of armed separation of workers and peasants.
(1) The main connotation of the glorious thought of armed separation of workers and peasants is: under the leadership of the proletariat and its political party, the agrarian revolution is the basic content, the armed struggle is the main form of struggle, and the revolutionary base area is the strategic position. (2) Revolutionary armed forces are the basic premise and main form of struggle of "the armed regime of workers and peasants". Revolution is mainly an armed revolution against armed counter-revolution. Therefore, without revolutionary armed forces and a strong red army, it is impossible to create a separatist situation. (3) Relying on the "armed regime of workers and peasants", the enemy of China Revolution is very strong. They have occupied the central city for a long time, and the vast countryside is the weak link of their rule. Only by building rural base areas into solid positions can we wage a long and arduous struggle against strong enemies occupying central cities. Without base areas, the revolutionary armed forces could not carry out agrarian revolution, expand the Red Army, and then carry out an armed decisive battle to overthrow imperialism and Kuomintang reactionaries. (4) Agrarian revolution is the basic content of "armed regime of workers and peasants". Farmers are the main force of China revolution. Only by carrying out the agrarian revolution extensively and deeply can we fully arouse the enthusiasm of the peasant revolution, eliminate the feudal forces in rural areas, develop social productive forces, support the revolutionary war and consolidate and develop the revolutionary base areas. Otherwise, the Red Army will not get the support and support of the broad masses of peasants.
The most fundamental reason is that
The problem of peasants is the fundamental problem of China's revolution.
1. The peasant problem is the basic problem of China's revolution and the central problem of realizing proletarian leadership. The democratic revolution in China is essentially a peasant revolution, because: (1) China is a semi-colonial and semi-feudal agricultural country. Farmers are the main body of China society, the biggest targets of plunder and exploitation of feudalism and imperialism, and they have always had a strong sense of resistance and fighting spirit, and are the main force of the revolution. The leadership of the proletariat over the revolution is mainly carried out by the broad masses of peasants. (2) One of the main tasks of China's democratic revolution is anti-feudalism, and the core of anti-feudalism is to solve the problem of farmers' land. Therefore, the peasant problem is the basic problem of China's revolution, and China's democratic revolution is essentially a peasant revolution. (3) The object of China's revolution is fierce and powerful, while the urban working class is relatively weak. China * * * Production Party must lead farmers, build backward rural areas into advanced base areas, and take the revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas. (4) In fact, the people's army, as the pillar of China's revolution, is mainly composed of peasants in military uniforms. China's revolutionary war was won with the support and participation of farmers. Peasants are the most reliable ally of the proletariat and the main force of China revolution.
2. China * * * Production Party's land policy in different revolutionary periods: (1) During the agrarian revolution (Jinggangshan Land Law and Xingguo Land Law): relying on poor peasants and farm labourers, uniting middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized businesses, eliminating the landlord class, and changing feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into peasant land ownership. (2) War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period: landlords reduced rent and interest, and farmers paid rent and interest. (3) During the War of Liberation: the landlord's land was expropriated and distributed equally according to the rural population (1946 "Instructions on Clearing Rent Reduction and Land Issues"); 1948 put forward a complete general line of agrarian revolution: relying on poor peasants and farm labourers, resolutely uniting with middle peasants, eliminating the feudal and semi-feudal exploitation system of the landlord class and the old-style rich peasants, and developing agricultural production (1947 Outline of China Land Law and 1948 Jin-Sui cadre work conference).
3. In the process of solving farmers' land problems, we must pay attention to three issues: (1) Land reform must pay attention to two basic principles: first, we must meet the requirements of poor farm labourers; Second, we must resolutely unite with the middle peasants and not harm their interests. (1947 Mao Zedong at the December meeting) (2) The policies towards the rich peasants were different in different periods of the revolution: they were restricted during the Agrarian Revolution, neutral during the Liberation War, and protected after the founding of New China. (3) The land policy of China's * * * production party in different periods of the new democratic revolution has the following similarities: it embodies the democratic revolutionary program of China's * * * production party; Safeguard the basic interests of farmers.