Dosage: within a certain range, the dosage of a drug depends on the concentration of its effective components in the blood and its intensity of action. The dose is too small to be effective; Excessive dosage may lead to poisoning symptoms, so the most appropriate dosage of a drug is often determined through repeated clinical practice.
Most traditional Chinese medicines are natural medicines, and most of them are plant medicines. Due to different conditions such as producing area, harvest season, storage and processing, the content of effective components is affected. Moreover, some effective substances contained in natural drugs may only be trace, so it is often difficult to strictly stipulate the minimum effective dosage, maximum dosage and minimum toxic dosage like synthetic drugs. However, the dosage of toxic drugs should be specified. Aconitum, in some areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces, the dosage of Aconitum is very large at one time, which often leads to accidents, while in other provinces and cities, the dosage is very small. Pharmacopoeia has clear regulations on highly toxic drugs. In order to ensure the safety of medication, the prescription should strictly follow the provisions of the National Pharmacopoeia. In clinical trials of new preparations of traditional Chinese medicine, especially injections, patients' reactions to drugs must be closely observed, which requires setting reliable objective observation indicators, accumulating data, adjusting dosage and setting safe and effective range.
Decocting temperature and time, the most commonly used dosage form of traditional Chinese medicine is decoction. Cooking soup is about cooking time. Generally speaking, exterior-relieving drugs have stronger firepower and shorter time; Tonic drugs should be mild in firepower and take a long time. Moreover, specific requirements such as "decocting first" or "dropping later" are put forward according to the nature of the drug. Such as keel and oyster, should be fried first; Followed by rhubarb and mint. The aconite is decocted for a long time to reduce the toxicity of aconitine. As for the impregnation solvent, impregnation time and temperature of Chinese patent medicine, it will affect the quality of the medicine.
Administration method: The administration method of traditional Chinese medicine includes administration route, administration time and administration times. The ancients had noticed the management method. Tao Hongjing pointed out: "Those who need to take wine, drink it, cold and hot"; Li Dongyuan also said: "Anyone who is divided into two or three groups should be equal in strength, depending on the strength of the person and the severity of the illness." Explain that the method of taking medicine twice, three times or more a day has existed since ancient times. Different medication methods can produce different pharmacological reactions. Traditional Chinese medicine is mostly taken orally, such as decoction, pill, powder, lotion, medicated liquor, ointment, etc. There are also medicines for external use, such as washing, blowing, painting, applying and rubbing. In the affected area; In addition, eye drops, ear drops and enema. It is also widely used. With the development of modern pharmaceutical ingredient extraction and sterilization technology, some traditional Chinese medicines or ancient prescriptions have been made into injections, which not only improve the curative effect, but also find some new functions and uses, and expand the clinical application scope. For example, Danshen injection and Shengmai injection are more effective than Danshen tablets and Shengmai powder. Intravenous injection of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride can also significantly raise blood pressure (blood pressure lowering food), which can be used to prevent and treat critical shock.
The traditional Chinese medicines that have been studied are classified according to their pharmacological actions as follows:
(1). Drugs mainly used for anti-infection: Coptidis Rhizoma, Cortex Phellodendri, Scutellariae Radix, Folium Isatidis, Radix Isatidis, Herba Houttuyniae, Flos Lonicerae, Fructus Forsythiae, Yinqiao Jiedu Pill and Huanglian Jiedu Decoction.
(2) Antiparasitic drugs: the drugs for expelling intestinal worms include areca nut, neem bark, gentleman, pumpkin seed, pomegranate peel and gemma agrimoniae bud; Anti-amoeba drugs include Pulsatilla chinensis and Brucea javanica. Anti-malaria drugs include Changshan, sweet tea, Qinggan and so on. Antitrichomonal drugs include Sophora flavescens and Fructus Cnidii.
(3) Antitumor drugs: mainly zedoary, coix seed, Sophora Tonkinensis, Mylabris, Lily, Rabdosia rubescens, etc.
(4) Drugs mainly acting on the central nervous system: Datura stramonium under general anesthesia; Rhizoma corydalis, Daphne giraldii, and Xu Changqing with analgesic effect; Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori have sedative and hypnotic effects; Gastrodia elata, bezoar and other single drugs with anticonvulsant effect and compound Chaihu Guizhi decoction; Bupleurum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Pueraria lobata, etc. Yellow wine with antipyretic and angong effect; Semen Strychni, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, etc.
(5) Drugs mainly acting on the peripheral nervous system: Kusnezoff monkshood, Venenum Bufonis, Asari, etc. Local anesthesia; There are also octagonal maple, rattan, rattan, etc., which mainly show the relaxation of skeletal muscle.
(6) Drugs mainly acting on the cardiovascular system: cardiotonic drugs include single drugs such as oleander (containing glycoside), lily of the valley (containing lily of the valley toxin), aconite root (containing noraconitine), fushoucao, and compound drugs such as Shengmai Powder and Ginseng Sini Decoction; Anti-angina drugs for coronary heart disease include Danshen (containing Danshensu), Chuanxiong (containing Ligustrazine), Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Flos Carthami, Herba Taxilli, Herba Leonuri, Compound Guanxin No.2 Formula, and Compound Danshen Injection. Antiarrhythmic drugs include Sophora flavescens, Changshan, Ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma lucidum food) and mistletoe. The antihypertensive drug is Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Wild chrysanthemum, peach blossom, selfheal, salsola, apocynum venetum, etc. And anti-hypertension and anti-shock drugs such as Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (including its components p-hydroxyFlynn, N- methyl ethylamine), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride, Shenfu Decoction, Shengmai Liquid, Shenmai Injection, etc.
(7) Drugs mainly acting on the respiratory system: single drugs such as Platycodon grandiflorum, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Olibanum, Dwarf Tea, Flos Rhododendri, Radix Gentianae, Compound Xiaoqinglong Decoction, Compound Ganoderma lucidum, etc.
(8) Drugs mainly acting on the digestive (food digestion) system: single drugs such as hawthorn, malt, immature bitter orange, tangerine peel, bergamot, linderae root, endothelium corneum Gigeriae Galli, Evodia rutaecarpa, compound Ganmao powder, Shen Ling Baizhu powder, Buzhong Yiqi decoction, etc. There are Yinchenhao Decoction, Yinchenhao Decoction, Biliary Duct Paishi Decoction, Compound Dachaihu Decoction, Qingyi Decoction, etc., focusing on the hepatobiliary system.
(9) Drugs with diuretic effect: Akebia Akebia, Poria, Polyporus, Alisma orientalis, Stigma Maydis and other single drugs, as well as Wuling Powder, Paishi Decoction and other compounds.
(10). Drugs with uterine excitability and antifertility effects: angelica, safflower, Achyranthes bidentata, Pollen Typhae, motherwort, etc. And a zedoary compound with antifertility activity. In addition, there are turmeric which can terminate pregnancy and gossypol extracted from the antifertility drug cottonseed.
(1 1). Drugs that mainly regulate the function of endocrine system: seaweed, kelp, Dioscorea bulbifera, and nail tumor pills that have certain effects on experimental goiter; There are single drugs such as Rehmannia glutinosa, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Cornus officinalis and Cortex Lycii, as well as compound drugs such as Yuquan Pill, Yunu Decoction and Bawei Pill.
(12). Drugs mainly acting on blood and hematopoietic system: blood-generating drugs include Ejiao, Angelica sinensis, Ligustrum lucidum, Spatholobus suberectus and so on. Hemostatic drugs include Notoginseng Radix, Flos Sophorae Immaturus, Rhizoma Bletillae, Herba Cirsii, Radix Rubiae, Peanut Coat, Folium Platycladi, and Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae, as well as Yunnan Baiyao, Lushan Hemostatic Powder and Notoginseng Tablets. There are hawthorn, ganoderma lucidum, Alisma orientalis, Polygonum cuspidatum, cassia seed, Polygonum multiflorum and other single drugs. And compound drugs such as Sanhuang Xiexin tablets and Lingzhi tablets. There are ginseng, acanthopanax senticosus, Stephania, etc.
(13). Drugs that can affect rabbit epidemic function: single drugs such as ginseng, astragalus, acanthopanax senticosus, codonopsis pilosula, ganoderma lucidum and Ligustrum lucidum, and compound drugs such as Guilingji (wine powder), compound ganoderma lucidum, Huang Xi pill, Shenqi granule and Yupingfeng powder can promote rabbit epidemic function; There are garlic (garlic food), pepper, leakage reed and so on that inhibit immune function.
(14). The drugs with strong effects include ginseng, codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus, Atractylodes macrocephala, Ganoderma lucidum, Lycium barbarum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Epimedium, Royal Jelly, Cordyceps sinensis (Cordyceps food) and Guilingji and Sijunzi Decoction.
(15). External drugs: Alum, Psoralea corylifolia, some single drugs with antifungal effect, Xiaozhiling for external use and other compounds.
The development of pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine has promoted the deepening of clinical work, the separation and extraction of phytochemistry and the reform of preparations. At the same time, the verification of clinical efficacy has also increased the confidence of pharmacological research. Because of the close cooperation between phytochemical separation and extraction and pharmacological research. In particular, the close combination of TCM research and TCM theory can produce faster results. In recent years, the research on the treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine has been carried out by means and methods of pharmacology. Such as promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, strengthening the body resistance and strengthening the foundation, clearing away heat and toxic materials, dredging interior and attacking interior, etc. In recent years, a series of national academic reports have been held, and the number of research papers on traditional Chinese medicine is increasing day by day, and the content quality is gradually improving. However, compared with the development history of traditional Chinese medicine, the research time of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacology is short, and the results are still preliminary, and the pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine is still a young science. There is still a long way to go to fully clarify the pharmacodynamic principle and in vivo process of traditional Chinese medicine. It needs further research and development.