Political revolution is usually regarded as a sudden, drastic and comprehensive change, which is often accompanied by violence, or at least the use of force. Such a fundamental change is dramatic, and it can often let onlookers see that a revolution is taking place, or that a revolution has just taken place. Class revolutions in early modern times, such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution, were all famous for changing the political system, and the French Revolution was more violent than the American Revolution. In both cases, the government or ruler was overthrown and abandoned. Through the activities of the governed or their representatives, a new government replaced the old one. To a certain extent, so is the glorious revolution.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, revolution and revolutionary activities began to transcend the purely political considerations in the form of government and began to set foot in those basic political or socio-economic fields. Therefore, the word "revolution" can be used not only for those events that lead to drastic political changes or socio-economic changes, but also for those activities that hope to achieve such changes (whether they fail or not). Therefore, Marx and Engels put forward the revolutionary blueprint in 1848 "Manifesto of the Productive Party" and issued the call of "a * * * proletarian revolution". A year later, Marx pointed out "some signs of 1849" (19765438+.

Since the last century, there have been more revolutions than armed uprisings, more challenges to established power, and more opposition or voluntary abandonment of loyalty or obedience to the government. In other words, the number of revolutions exceeds those that may not lead to resistance and rebellion of the new government or the new social and economic system.

It is no longer considered a revolution that one ruling family replaces another, or changes dynasties. Generally speaking, only confrontation with those in power, especially open confrontation by resorting to force, will be regarded as rebellion-especially when the activities of rising up against those in power are proved to be a failure in both short and long term. For example, the American Civil War, as we know it today, used to be called Civil War or Rebellion, while in spoken language, Confederate soldiers were called Confederate soldiers by northerners. A Yankee cry is used to refer to the long, harsh cry of Confederate soldiers. The civil war in Egypt refers to the conflict between the royalist army and the round skull army, Charles I was sentenced to death, and the system was established. The events related to this civil war were called "English Rebellion and English Civil War" by clarendon, a historian and chronicler in18th century.

The history of the concept of revolution cannot be separated from the history of the use of the word itself. Because there are many problems in the history of usage closely related to the scientific revolution. First of all, the word "revolution" itself comes from the late Latin. As a noun, it comes from the Latin verb "revolution", which means "bring back" in order to "expand", "finish reading", "repeat" and "think carefully". Therefore, its further meanings are "return" and "reappearance". Secondly, the term "revolutio" is used as a technical term in astronomy (and mathematics), which originated from Latin in the Middle Ages. Third, the word "revolution" is gradually used in the political sense, indicating the simultaneous process or rise and fall, meaning to restore a certain previous state, and finally meaning "overthrow" process. Fourth, the word "revolution" is associated with the overthrow process in the field of political affairs. Later, the meaning of "overthrow" no longer has the cyclical meaning of "revolution"; At the same time, the word "revolution" began to mean an event far from the usual meaning. In the process of reflecting on the revolution, people have long recognized that there has been a revolution in Britain (1688 glorious revolution) and a revolution is also taking place in science, which is of great significance. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/8th century, the revolution (very similar to the word we use today) was not only related to the government, but also to the development of ideology and cultural undertakings, especially science. People realized that there had been a revolution in science in Newton's time. This period is noteworthy because at least three different scientists realized that their personal research might lead to (or is leading to) a scientific revolution.

In the last quarter of the18th century, the American War of Independence and the French Revolution proved that the revolution was a part of a continuous political and social process. At the same time, lavoisier announced a new scientific revolution: the chemical revolution. By this time, people began to generally admit that Copernicus Revolution, Newton Revolution and some small scientific revolutions followed.