Pharmacy management is a branch of social management. With the development of social economy and pharmaceutical science, pharmaceutical affairs management has also developed from simple to complex, from low to high. It has gone through a long historical process, from simple management of drug collection, storage and use in primitive society to systematic management of pharmacy in modern society, from experience management to scientific management.

The history of pharmaceutical affairs management is an important part of pharmaceutical history. In the productive labor and the struggle against diseases, human beings have gradually realized the use of drugs. They collected plants, animals and minerals from nature for medicinal purposes, and gradually produced medicines, accumulating rich experience. Due to the close relationship between drugs and people's lives, governments at all times and all over the world have taken various management measures for the production, management and use of drugs. With the development of society, economy and medical science and technology. With the formation of pharmaceutical industry, the management of pharmaceutical affairs has been strengthened day by day. The development of pharmacy and career management are complementary and integrated. This chapter will briefly describe the success and failure experiences at home and abroad recorded in history, which is of great significance to the scientific, legal and modernization of pharmaceutical affairs management in China.

Pharmacy Administration in Ancient China (65438 BC +0027 ~ 65438 AD +0840)

1. Early Medical Management The Zhou Dynasty established the earliest medical management system in China, namely, the medical witch system and the medical witch separation system. According to the Six Palaces System in Zhou Li, Wuzhu was listed as the Spring Palace, and doctors were placed under the jurisdiction of the Heavenly Palace. According to Zhou Li. Dr. Tian Gong Lu is the official name and is the leader of many doctors. Its authority is to "take charge of the laws of doctors and gather the poison of pharmaceutical affairs", and its subordinate positions are staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal (all medical officers), history (in charge of documents and medical records), politics (in charge of drugs, equipment and accounting) and apprentice (in charge of service and nursing). It also recorded the medical division system at that time, which divided the court doctors into food doctors, sick doctors, selected doctors and veterinarians. Medical records and death reporting system; Evaluate the system of providing benefits.

2. Qin Shihuang, the medical administrative organization in the Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties, unified China in 22 1 BC, established a centralized feudal autocratic country, and set up a medical administrative organization in its center. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties, the administrative institutions of medicine gradually expanded and enriched, but the management system was basically the same. According to Du You Tong Dian, there was an imperial edict in the Qin Dynasty, and the imperial physician was in charge of medicine, waiting for the medical edict, and the imperial physician was in charge of the emperor's medicine. The later Han Dynasty began to divide the management of medicine, and Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25) "ordered one person to cure too much, six hundred stones, and was in charge of all the doctors. Yao Cheng and Fang Cheng each have one person. The medicine is the main medicine, the prescription is the main prescription, and the right belongs to Shaofu. " According to historical records, the Han dynasty also set up the positions of quasi-writing materia medica, drug administration, Chinese palace drug administration and drug quality officer.

During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (265~589), historical records recorded: "Under the Liang Gate, there were doctors, doctors were second doctors, and Tibetan doctors were third-class scholars." There are two censors, four censors and four drug supervisors in Northern Qi, who are responsible for the management of drugs.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (589~960), the medical management institutions were further expanded and the division of labor was increasingly detailed. Sui Shu. "Baiguan Zhi" records that there are drug administration and drug warehouse administration. The Tang government set up a drug storage bureau with a drug warehouse, and Yao Cheng, the drug administrator and other full-time personnel were responsible for the receipt, delivery and storage of drugs.

3. Chinese pharmacy was established in Song and Yuan Dynasties. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960~ 1367), medical organizations developed further. The Song government established the management institutions of pharmacy, including Royal Pharmacy and Monk Pharmacy. The Royal Pharmacy Bureau is in charge of the drugs used by the emperor, and the Commercial Pharmacy Bureau is the highest pharmaceutical administration institution in charge of drugs. In 976, the Song government set up a fragrant medicine exchange institute in the capital, and increased the cultivation of medicinal materials, which were marketed by businessmen. On 1076, Taiyi Bureau set up a "medicine selling office" in Kaifeng Road, Shi Jing, also known as "cooked medicine office", which sells pills, powders, ointments and pills. Established an official pharmacy. In addition, a "He Xiu Drug Research Institute" was established, namely the Education Bureau for processing and treatment. 1 103, the song government adopted the proposal of setting up cooked pharmacies in various places, thus making government-run pharmacies gradually spread all over the country. 1165438+In 2004, Hexiu Pharmacy was renamed as Medicine Bureau. The pharmacy was also renamed as Medicine Huimin Bureau, and later renamed Taiping Huimin Bureau. Collection and arrangement of medical education network

In addition to the imperial college of pharmacy, pharmacy and other management institutions, the Yuan government also set up private pharmaceutical institutions or pharmacies such as Guanghui Division, Guangji Promotion Division and Taidu Huimin Bureau. These institutions not only manufacture drugs, but also sell drugs and exercise pharmaceutical management functions.

The official camp "Hehe Bureau" and Huimin Bureau set up by the government in Song Dynasty spread all over the states, governments and armies. The government manages and sells drugs, taking prescriptions and materia medica compiled and promulgated by the state as the basis for making and selling drugs, which has played a positive role in ensuring the quality of drugs. At that time, infectious diseases were prevalent all over the world, and the death toll of residents in some big cities in Europe and the Middle and Near East reached 50-90%, which was unprecedented. Plague epidemics often occur in China, and the measures in the medical management system have played an important role in the prevention of diseases and the survival and reproduction of the Chinese nation.

4. The development of underground medical institutions and the rise of folk medical assistance in Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1369~ 1840), the government's medical institutions were further improved, and all kinds of personnel were in charge of drugs from central to local levels. The Ming Dynasty paid more attention to medicine. In the early years of Hongwu, Ming Taizu once said, "Is it possible to establish it in Heaven? After the beginning of eternal education, do you still remember that Huang San was a pharmacist?" Later, when offering sacrifices to Huang San, some famous medical scientists in the past dynasties were regarded as admirers. According to the records of Ming history. Official records: "In the third year of Hongwu, Huimin pharmacy was set up, the government set up a title collar, and the county set up a medical officer. Whoever is poor and sick will be given medicine. " "In Qin Long for five years, there was an ambassador and an assistant in the Huimin Bureau of the Crude Drug Library." Ambassadors, deputy envoys, assistants and medical officers have established a relatively complete management system from top to bottom. The organization, staffing and management system, which is not only responsible for medical treatment, but also manages the manufacture and distribution of drugs for the court, has also been further developed and stricter.

Pharmacy management in Qing dynasty generally inherited the system of Ming dynasty. The crude drug warehouse collects medicinal materials, the government-run pharmaceutical factory supplies folk medicinal materials, and Taiji Hospital has a "medicine cutter" who specializes in processing medicines. With the development of medicine, the division of labor is becoming more and more perfect. 1654, three pharmacies were built outside the east gate of Jingshan, and the medical officer ordered them to take medicine.

Since the Ming Dynasty, private pharmacies have gradually developed. These pharmacies not only supply decoction pieces, but also make their own medicines. A well-known drugstore is Beijing Magpie Niantang, which was founded in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. Guangzhou Chen Liji founded Wuhan Yekaitai Drugstore in about 1600, and started its business in the late Ming Dynasty (1637). Suzhou Xueyun Shangyu Branch Old Pharmacy was built in1662; Beijing Tongrentang was founded on1669; Hangzhou Huqingyutang Xue Ji National Medicine was founded on 1874. These old pharmacies attach importance to drug quality and reputation, and are trusted by the masses, and some still enjoy a high reputation.

5. China Ancient Criminal Law on Drug Management Although the ancient government of China did not have complete laws and regulations on drug management, some relevant criminal laws were recorded in the history books. In 2 13 BC, Qin Shihuang burned hundreds of poems and banned books. Only books planted by doctors have not been banned. It can be seen that medical books were protected by laws and regulations at that time. In 2 12 BC, Qin fa was forbidden to have both sides, and he could not die in the exam.

According to "Yi Shu in Tang Dynasty", there are some criminal laws, such as: mixing drugs, mistakenly entering the prescription and missing the title, making poisonous animals kill people, cheating drugs against the prescription, and mixing drugs is not as good as the prescription. Taoist priests, female crowns and monks and nuns are forbidden to treat others. In 758, Tang Suzong stipulated that anyone with medical skills should be punished in accordance with the laws of the Ming Dynasty in the future. In 976, Song Taizong announced that all foreign countries were not allowed to exchange medical treasures privately. In 982, it was announced that the ban on importing 37 kinds of drugs such as Radix Aucklandiae by sea was lifted. Eight kinds of drugs, including frankincense, were declared as government monopoly. In Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi promulgated the Market Exchange Law, and the government controlled the management of drugs in the market. 1 168, Song Xiaozong announced: "It is forbidden to steal precious medicinal materials that are under the responsibility of the pharmacy, and the prison officials are personally responsible for committing crimes. If something happens in the bureau, people who take drugs will report it.

According to Yuan, the Yuan government banned the sale of highly toxic drugs. 1268 prohibits the sale of aconite, monkshood, croton, arsenic and abortive drugs; 1269 prohibits fake doctors from selling drugs in the streets; 1272 stipulates that selling drugs causes death, and both buyers and sellers are executed. 13 1 1 year. It is forbidden to sell 12 species of Euphorbia, Daphne genkwa, Veratrum nigrum, Radix Kansui, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Rhizoma Androsace, Black Beak and Scolopendra. From 1275 to 13 19, the government has repeatedly issued orders to prohibit playing with snakes, insects and animals in the market and gathering people to sell medicines. Offenders are guilty of felony. The Yuan government also stipulated that medical death must be convicted as appropriate. When there is a dispute or lawsuit between a medical household and the people, it shall be decided by the civil administrator and the medical officer through consultation. Exempt doctors from customs duties and taxes; Prohibit quacks from practicing medicine and treating diseases; It is stipulated that doctors can't practice medicine unless they choose to try out and register, and doctors must be proficient in thirteen subjects to practice medicine.

The Qing government promulgated relevant criminal laws to punish medical personnel for dereliction of duty. According to the new criminal law, if a quack dies because he has a needle medicine that is inferior to his own medicine, other doctors shall order him to check the acupuncture points of the drug bait. If there is no cause of injury, it shall be regarded as manslaughter and shall not practice medicine; If you go against your own side, cheat to treat diseases and take property, you will be accused of theft. As a result, people died, people who accidentally took drugs and killed people were beheaded, and all the drugs in the street were mistaken for their own side. The title was wrong. A doctor is worth 100, and a cook with poor cooking is worth 60. It is also stipulated that there are pharmacies selling medicinal materials, and people die because of unclear identification. It also stipulates that witch doctors and Taoists are heretical spells, and those who cure people to death are sentenced to death. Collection and arrangement of medical education network

6. Compendium of Materia Medica and Drug Standard From Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, pharmacy in China has made great progress. Traditional Chinese medicine, prescription science and processing science have formed a unique system, and many works have been circulated so far. These works, collectively called Materia Medica, are important documents for the study of traditional Chinese medicine. Some governments in past dynasties organized people to revise and publish in various forms, which served as the basis for collecting medicines, making medicines, buying and selling medicinal materials and prescribing medicines, and as the basis for handling medical accidents caused by medicines, which played the role of drug standards and pharmacopoeia and played a certain role in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of people's medication.

According to historical records, in 5 AD, Emperor Han Ping sent a summons to the capital to people who were familiar with materia medica. This is the first time in history that the government has collected herbal prescriptions on a large scale. In 5 10, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Wei government learned a lot in the classic way, and it was difficult to find a way to die. Wang Xian wrote 35 volumes of prescriptions and issued them all over the world.

In 657, in the second year, Tang Gaozong suggested to the Tang government to compile and revise the Classic of Materia Medica, which was approved, and Ming, Xu, Lv Cai, Li and others participated in the compilation. In 659, the newly revised Materia Medica was published. This masterpiece contains 844 kinds of drugs, including 20 volumes, 1 volume, 7 volumes and 54 volumes. In the process of compiling this book, the government ordered all parts of the country to send authentic medicinal materials. This book, to a certain extent, combines the relevant drug materials of past dynasties and folk drug knowledge, with rich content and essence of materials. This way of compiling drug books organized by the government is also the first. The book was stipulated as a compulsory bibliography by the Tang government. The book spread to Japan more than 50 years later, and Japan also regarded it as a required reading material for medical students. New Materia Medica is the first pharmacopoeia compiled by the government in the history of our country, and it is also the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world.

In order to solve the epidemic of plague, the Tang government set up doctors of medicine in every state in 722, and stipulated that every state should keep herbal medicine and 10 1 set of proven prescriptions together with history books. In the same year, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty wrote Guang Ji Fang, which was promulgated for national use. In 742, Xuanzong promulgated Tianbao single prescription and drug map. In 746, the Tang government ordered the county magistrate to be selected and written on the big board, which pointed out the way for the villagers to help the public.

In Song Dynasty, the government called medical staff to collect prescriptions, buy books and distribute herbal medicines. In 973 (the sixth year of Song Kaibao), Liu Han and Ma Su wrote to add annotated drugs to the newly revised Materia Medica of Tang Dynasty, and revised it to Kaibao New Detailed Materia Medica, and revised it to Kaibao Revised Materia Medica again one year later. These two editions are the earliest printed materia medica documents in China. In 978, the Academy of Medical Officers presented the classics and compiled Sheng Huifang. In 982, Song Taizong asked Wang Huaiyin, Wang You and others to participate in the classification of Taiping Sheng Huifang. 1990, Wu and Liu Han jointly studied this book, and 1992 was written as Taiping Sheng Huifang, which was promulgated by the Song government to the whole country and executed by the medical officers in various states, with a collection of 16834 volumes. 106 1 year, the Liao government presided over the compilation of illustrated materia medica and ordered the whole country to submit samples and figures of medicinal materials produced in various places. This is actually a national drug survey, compiling the earliest printed ink-line drug map issued by the government in China. 1 1 17, the song government promulgated "Taiping Huimin and Hutchison Bureau", which contained 788 books and was implemented nationwide. Collection and arrangement of medical education network

In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen (15 18- 1593) wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, a 52-volume book containing 1892 kinds of drugs. Each drug label takes the correct name as the key link and description as the purpose, followed by origin (collection), identification (right and wrong), preparation (treatment), characteristics (odor), utility (indication), discussion (invention), prescription (attachment) and so on. Clear and scientific. Compendium of Materia Medica summarizes the experience of China before16th century, criticizes and corrects medical mistakes, and determines the real curative effect of many drugs. After its publication, this book has been written in Korean, Japanese, English, French, German and Russian, which has a high position in the history of world science. Compendium of Materia Medica is not officially compiled and promulgated, but it is recognized as an important document to identify the authenticity of Chinese herbal medicines, and it still has practical value.

Compendium of Materia Medica and Pharmacology compiled and promulgated by successive governments, as well as the recognized authoritative compendium of Materia Medica and Pharmacology for identifying medicinal materials and processing them into medicines, have unified the quality standards of traditional Chinese medicines and proprietary Chinese medicines to a certain extent, promoted the standardization of the processing of traditional Chinese medicines, promoted the development of China's pharmaceutical industry, and occupied an important position in the history of pharmaceutical affairs management in China.