If the current common teaching papers are classified from the perspective of content (excluding classroom record, case design, narrative notes, educational essays, etc.). ), we can generally divide it into the following three categories: method type, viewpoint type and essay type. Teaching and research papers, as the name implies, mainly focus on argumentation and elaboration. Although the above three types of teaching papers need to be demonstrated and elaborated, there are obvious differences in specific writing procedures. Accurately grasping this difference will help us to write a good paper faster and help readers to read and understand.
First, the paper teaching methods
This is a paper introducing specific teaching methods and experiences. In teaching practice, we usually explore a novel and effective operation method, or explore some experiences with universal significance. It should be said that any teacher with certain teaching experience will have his own good methods and experience as long as he pays a little attention. When this method and experience are mature, it can be summarized and refined to write a teaching paper. The title of this paper is usually "the attempt of ……" (practice, application, practice and exploration), or an operational sentence. For example, encourage students to take the road of life composition, apply the teaching of self-study-questioning-dispelling reading, and guide students to enter the text with classic model essay reading.
1, explaining the basis of the application method.
Why use this method? What is the basis? The application of any novel method cannot be fabricated out of thin air, and there is always a certain background. There are usually two backgrounds: realistic background and theoretical background. Realistic background refers to the actual situation and objective existence in current teaching; Theoretical background refers to new teaching theories and concepts. Before introducing the method, write it clearly. Writing a clear background is helpful to enhance the practical pertinence of the paper and the practicability of the method. If the concepts involved in this method are obscure, it is necessary to make some explanations.
2. Introduce the implementation process of this method.
This is the key part of the teaching paper, and the method must be described in detail. The introduction methods should be determined according to the specific situation. Some methods are gradual and logical, and should be introduced step by step in logical order. Some methods are parallel and have no strict logic, so they can be introduced in the order of priority first and then time. When introducing, don't use empty and mysterious words in the subtitle, and don't replace the operation with words indicating the result. Try to use operational language and directly state how to do it. Compared with "if you recommend three fashionable and beautiful essays to students every semester", if you change it to "cultivate students' sentiment with fashionable and beautiful essays", the operability will be greatly weakened. When introducing the process, it is best to use subheadings and list the items in different parts. If there are many operation steps, it can be divided into several aspects under the subtitle.
3. State the effect of implementing this method.
After a scientific and novel method is implemented, it will often achieve ideal results. As a methodological teaching paper, it is necessary to state the effect to attract readers' attention. There are dominant and recessive effects. If the dominant effect can be explained by data, then try to use data. For those that cannot be explained by data, you can give examples and choose one or two typical cases. When stating the effect, it is most taboo to say something big and empty, such as "improving enthusiasm and stimulating interest". Speaking with facts and convincing people is the key to this part. Of course, the effect of the statement must be related to the implementation method, and don't drag all the effects that have nothing to do with this method.
4. state some matters that should be paid attention to
In the process of implementing a certain method, there are bound to be some unexpected problems, such as thinking that a link is simple but actually complicated, or thinking that students are very interested but actually not interested; When some methods are implemented, we must have sufficient material preparation and psychological preparation. And these, for those who have not experienced it, may not pay attention. In short, what should be paid special attention to before, during and after a certain method is implemented, and it should be made clear so as to avoid readers taking detours. This part can be simpler.
For teachers who are in the front line of teaching, what they like best is the teaching paper of the method-based teacher, because it is the most practical and can be used in their own practice immediately after learning; The easiest thing to write is the method-based teaching paper, because it comes from one's own practice, has been done and thought by oneself, and is relatively easy to write. How to raise the methodology teaching thesis to a certain theoretical level and how to make the introduction method more universal and instructive is the key to writing the methodology teaching thesis.
Second, teaching papers based on viewpoints
In teaching practice, many teachers will often produce some new ideas and ideas through continuous learning and thinking, and will not be unhappy; Once you have a new viewpoint and idea, you feel that it will have certain warning and guiding significance to reality, and you always want to express it, so you have a viewpoint-based teaching paper. Opinion-based teaching papers directly clarify the author's point of view, and often use sentence forms such as "Want ……", "Yes ……" and "Should (Must) ……". For example, "junior students should pay special attention to the formation of study habits" and "teaching design should be simple and clear, to the point".
1, and put forward opinions according to the current situation.
Views are always put forward through the analysis of the status quo and are based on facts. So you can list some phenomena first, state one or two specific facts, and then sum up your own views from the phenomena and facts. The phenomena and facts here must be typical, not individual accidents; Views must be clear, not vague, and certainly not absolute or extreme. For example, a teacher in Zhejiang recently wrote a teaching paper and put forward his own point of view: after comparing the primary school Chinese textbook of Zhejiang Education Edition that is still in use with the textbook of People's Education Edition that will be used in accordance with the new curriculum standard, the reading teaching of middle and high grades is facing new challenges. This view is based on the comparison of two textbooks, and it has a strong practical significance because the new textbook is about to be used. Some people, in order to make their views attractive, use sensational language to express it, which is not desirable.
2, according to the analysis point of view.
Opinions alone are not convincing. Only through concrete argumentation can the viewpoint hold water and be accepted by readers. This part is an argument. Arguments are usually based on theories or facts. The theoretical basis is reasoning, deduction or generalization with logical thinking, and some famous people's views are often quoted as evidence; The factual basis is to present tangible facts. Generally speaking, the more sufficient the basis, the more convincing it is.
For example, the above-mentioned view that "reading teaching in middle and senior grades faces new challenges" is demonstrated by the author from the following aspects:
A, the class weight has increased significantly;
B, the requirements for extracurricular reading are improved;
C. it is difficult to understand the text; The text content is rich and varied;
D, knowledge distribution is loose and disorderly. Of course, the author made a detailed analysis of these bases, or illustrated them with examples, or used statistics, or compared them. This part is the focus of this kind of article, accounting for more than two-thirds of the full text.
3. Draw a conclusion and point out the countermeasures.
After detailed argumentation, there will often be conclusive discussions. This statement can be a restatement of viewpoints, a summary of main viewpoints, an extension of viewpoints, some constructive opinions and hopes, and some new thoughts. This passage is not necessarily much, but it must be concentrated and powerful.
Opinion-based teaching papers express personal ideas, especially brand-new ideas, which are often unacceptable to some people. It's not important. You shouldn't think too much about it. The key is to be able to justify yourself. The views of this newspaper must be clear. If you are afraid of different opinions, dare not speak out directly, and deliberately express vagueness, you will not be able to write any articles, which is also the taboo of opinion-based teaching papers.
Third, the paper-based teaching papers
At present, the writing of educational prose is very prosperous, which should be said to be a good phenomenon. The composition is short in length, casual, convenient to draw materials, lively in form, and does not occupy a lot of writing time, which is very suitable for front-line teachers to write. The writing of essays is flexible and diverse, which seems to be difficult to be summarized by a fixed procedure, but we can still sum up some basic ideas by reading a lot of essays in current educational newspapers and periodicals. In other words, this basic idea is in line with general thinking habits.
1, narrative cases lead to ideas
Educational papers are usually based on a specific example. The requirements of this case are: authenticity, vividness and originality. Truth means that the case must really exist in life, what you have seen, heard or even experienced, rather than making it up at will or hearsay; Vivid means that the case has a certain story, but it is also interesting, or it has classic details and is readable, not that kind of bland cliche; Innovation means that an example can reflect a new trend, a new consciousness, or a clue to a new phenomenon.
2. In-depth analysis of indirect speech
The connotation of examples is always diverse, and we can often think from many aspects and produce different ideas. However, when writing a teaching paper, you can't write whatever you want, and you can't write everything. It's about grasping what you feel most, what's innovative and what's practical.
In this layer of writing, we should pay attention to the following points:
A, don't talk about things, just make a simple judgment, saying that this phenomenon is good or not, simple judgment is easy, but it is not convincing.
B, through the phenomenon to see the essence, in-depth analysis, dig the root behind the phenomenon. For example, there is a short article "The dignity of teaching lies in thought". After citing examples, the analysis said: "Some teachers are too obedient, teaching according to textbooks, doing exactly what the reference books say, taking textbooks and teaching references as absolutely correct imperial edicts, and dare not cross the line." Why are you so cautious and obedient to Nuo Nuo? There are three reasons: first, they think that teaching in this way can't be wrong and safe, because textbooks and teaching references are like this. If they are wrong, it is not my responsibility; Second, they think that by teaching in this way, they can effectively cope with exams. The content of the exam is always in class, and there is no bottom outside class, so they can firmly grasp it in class. The third is labor saving. Some things in textbooks and teaching reference materials can be used without thinking, and no one will say it. " This analysis is realistic and convincing.
C, analysis should be widely cited, open ideas in many ways, briefly, and enhance the depth and breadth of the article. Or "the dignity of teaching lies in thought". After analyzing the reasons, there is such an extension and play. "Four hundred years ago, Pascal, a famous French thinker and philosopher, once said,' Man is just a reed, the most fragile thing in nature, but he is a thinking reed.' So he added: "All human dignity lies in thought." Pascal was sickly all his life, only 39 years old, but he left a towering monument for himself. His thought record has brought spiritual comfort to countless people. Pascal's last sentence seems a little incomprehensible at first glance. It makes sense to think about it carefully: how much dignity does a person who has no thoughts, is firmly controlled by other people's thoughts, and has thoughts but cannot express them? That's not a slave! Here, I would like to take the liberty to extend that all the dignity of teachers' teaching also lies in their thoughts. If teachers want to gain respect in teaching, they must have their own personality and thoughts. A person who doesn't have his own teaching ideas can't win the respect of students and the appreciation of his peers. This quotation not only highlights the idea, makes the discussion more dynamic, but also increases the vividness of the article.
3. Take care of the attitude at the beginning.
There are generally three ways to write the end of a teaching paper based on a case: one is to take care of the beginning and make a conclusive judgment on the case; The second is to express their wishes and demands; The third is to emphasize and reiterate your own views. The article "The Dignity of Teaching lies in Thought" ends like this: "Thought is a kind of dignity. The biggest shame of people is that they are not good at thinking, and the biggest pain is that their thoughts are suppressed and they can't speak; A man's greatest glory is that his ideas are supported by others. As a contemporary teacher, we should not just spread our thoughts, but should strive to embody our own thoughts and practice our ideals. " This conclusion is undoubtedly a further emphasis on my own point of view. Among all kinds of educational and teaching thesis styles, the writing of thesis-based teaching thesis is the most uncertain. However, several characteristics of composition teaching papers are the most important: novel conception, vivid materials and vivid language.