Format When we study a problem, how to show it to everyone is an important job. Here we will introduce the general format and matters needing attention of the important part of scientific research with specific examples. Of course, to write a good paper, it is not enough to make such a simple introduction, but also to write and practice more by yourself. With the development of science and technology, more and more scholars set foot in the field of academic paper writing. So how to write academic papers, what are the requirements and formats of academic papers? Here is a brief introduction to the writing of academic papers, hoping to be helpful to your paper writing. (1) Title (Title) 1. The title of the paper (with signature below) should be accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel. The title of the paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper, and it also needs to consider specific practical information, which can help to select keywords, compile titles, indexes and other secondary documents and provide retrieval. The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: the title of the paper is half of the article. The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; The extension and connotation are just right; Eye-catching (2) The author's name and unit belong to the issue of paper signature. One is to show the responsibility of writing, the other is to record the author's labor achievements, and the third is to facilitate the contact between readers and authors and document retrieval (author index). It can be roughly divided into two situations, single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit. (3) Generally, abstracts are required, some for international communication and some in foreign languages (mostly in English). It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Its function is to enable readers to obtain the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result. Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words. The abstract of the paper does not need to list examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structure and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long. In order to facilitate international communication, many papers need English abstracts, especially in colleges and universities. The content of English abstract is the same as that of Chinese abstract, including four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion. But English has its own characteristics, and the most important thing is that it often takes up a long space when translating from Chinese to English. If you describe a paragraph with the same content in English, it may take up twice as much space as Chinese. Therefore, writing English abstracts should pay more attention to conciseness and conciseness, and strive to provide the most important information in the shortest space. First, carefully screen the information you have, and the content that does not belong to the above "four parts" does not need to be written in the abstract. Second, the content of the "four parts" should also be properly selected, so as to be concise and comprehensive. For example, "purpose" has been preliminarily defined in most titles. If there is no deeper purpose, there is no need to repeat it abstractly. Another example is "method", and some methods may have become routine methods abroad. When writing an English abstract, you can only write the name of the method without describing its operation steps one by one. The consistency of Chinese and English abstracts mainly refers to the consistency of contents. At present, there are two misunderstandings about this issue. One is that the contents of the two abstracts are "almost enough", so it is easy to delete the key contents of the Chinese abstract or add the contents not mentioned in the Chinese abstract at will, which is easy to cause the center of gravity of the abstract to shift or even deviate from the theme; Secondly, it is considered that English abstracts are hard translations of Chinese abstracts, and every word of Chinese abstracts is not omitted, which often makes English abstracts appear tedious and repetitive, and it seems to be protracted. English abstracts should strictly and comprehensively express the contents of Chinese abstracts, and you can't add or delete them at will, but that doesn't mean you can't change a word. Specific writing methods should follow the rules of English grammar and rhetoric, conform to the norms of English professional terms, and take care of English expression habits. Choosing appropriate tense and voice is the premise of making abstracts conform to English grammar and rhetoric rules. Usually, the tense and voice of the predicate verbs in the abstract are not uniform, and should be changed according to the specific content, otherwise it will easily lead to confusion in understanding. But this change is not random, and there are some laws as follows: 1, tense: it can be summarized as follows. 1) describes the research process and mostly uses the simple past tense. 2) In the research process, the past perfect tense should be used to describe what happened before this process. 3) Use the present perfect tense to illustrate the achievement of a topic. 4) When the beginning of the abstract indicates the contents reported or described in the text, and the end of the abstract indicates the author's opinions and suggestions, the simple present tense can be used. 2. Voice: In most cases, the passive voice can be used. However, in some cases, especially when expressing the opinions of the author or related experts, the active voice is often used, and its advantages are distinct and powerful. (4) Keywords keywords belong to the category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words. Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval). Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things by the characteristic relationship of concepts, express in natural language, have collocation function and accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words. Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords. The general selection method of keywords or subject words is: after the author finishes writing the paper, read the full text and first find out the information or vocabulary that can express the main content of the paper. These residences or words can be found and selected from the title or content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improves the conceptual depth involved. Need to choose, together with the keywords selected from the title, to form the keyword group of this article. The use of keywords and subject words is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval. Adding keywords to publications opens up a new way for publications to improve their citation rate and increase their popularity. (V) Introduction Introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields. The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words. (6) The text is the theory of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and occupies the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, at the same time, in order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). Paragraphs and division should depend on the nature and content of the paper. (7) Reference [serial number], author, title [M], place of publication: publishing house, year, starting and ending page numbers [serial number], author, paper name [J], journal name, year, volume (issue), starting and ending page numbers (8) Carrier types and identification of electronic documents With the acceleration of China's informatization process, the adoption of electronic documents has gradually increased. According to the relevant provisions of the China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specification issued by the State Press and Publication Administration, the following requirements are put forward for submission: 1. For the citation of electronic document types such as database, computer program and electronic bulletin, the following two letters are used as labels: electronic document type database, computer program and electronic bulletin, electronic document type identification DB CP EB2. Carrier type and identification of electronic document. For electronic documents with non-paper carriers, reference types are needed. The specification uses two letters to indicate the type of electronic file carrier: magnetic tape) MT, magnetic disk) DK, CD-ROM) CD, online)OL network, and the reference type identification including the file carrier type is expressed in the fOLlowing format: [file type identification/carrier type identification] such as [db/ol]-online database online [db/mt]-database on magnetic tape [m/CD]. -CD monograph [CP/DK]- Computer program on disk [J/OL]- Serial online [EB/OL]- Electronic board online, such as [1] Wang Mingliang. Engineering progress of standard database system for academic journals in China [DB/OL]. Literature website,1998-08-16/1998-65438. The format of the content requires 1. The writing order of graduation thesis format is: title, author category, author name, instructor name, Chinese abstract and keywords, English abstract and keywords, text and references. 2. The header of the schedule in the graduation thesis should be written at the top of the table and centered; The titles of the attached drawings should be written at the bottom and center of the drawings. Number tables, charts and formulas according to the order in which they appear in the paper. 3. The writing format of references in graduation thesis is strictly in the following order: serial number, author's name, book title (or article name), publishing house (or periodical name), publication or publication time. 4. Font of paper format: all kinds of titles (including "references" titles) are bold; Author's name, instructor's name, abstract, key words, chart name and reference content are in italics; The text in the body, chart, header and footer is in Song style; English uses Times New Roman font. 5, the font size of the paper format: the title of the paper is in the third font, centered; The first-level title is in font number four; Small four fonts are used for secondary titles and tertiary titles; Headers and footers use small five fonts; Others use font number five; The chart name is centered. 6. Print the page number of formatted text, with the bottom centered. 7. Paper size for paper printing: A42 10× 297mm. 8. In the page setup option under File Options, select the default number of characters for "Character/Line"; The margins are set to top: 3 cm; Bottom: 2.5 cm; Left: 2.8 cm; Right: 2.8 cm; Binding line: 0.8 cm; Location of binding line: left; Header:1.8cm; Footer 1.8 cm. 9. In the paragraph setting option under the format option, select 0 cm as indentation, 0 point as spacing, 1.5 times as line spacing, select (none) as special format, blank as right indent adjustment, and blank as grid for determining line height according to page setting. 10. Header: The header must be set from the abstract page to the last page of the paper. Header content: graduation thesis of Chinese language and literature major of Zhejiang Radio and TV University, centered, No.5 Song font size, underlined under the header. Footer: Starting from the main part of the thesis (introduction or introduction), pages are compiled continuously with Arabic numerals, and the method of page numbering is: page number ×××× page number ×× page number × page number × page number font and spacing: graduation thesis font is small four, word spacing is set to standard word spacing, and line spacing is set to a fixed value of 20 points.

Model essay 1). Talk about honesty.

In daily life, honesty is nothing more than keeping promises! However, in modern society, it is difficult to find its figure. Let's say yesterday, my great uncle invited me to decide where to eat, but when I told him where I was going, he gave me all kinds of excuses, so I went somewhere else.

The ancients said well, "Make friends and keep promises". This kind of dishonesty in modern society is very irritating. People who break their promises lose the most important thing between people-honesty without any consciousness, or feel ashamed for their own interests. Just think, what kind of friendship can there be between people if words don't count and people don't have integrity? Then why make friends?

Remember, if you don't keep your word, it will not only reduce others' trust in you, but also make others stop trusting you, even feel disgusted with you, stop interacting with you, and your interpersonal relationship will get worse and worse, and finally take the consequences.

In his masterpiece Li Yu, Liu Ji tells a story: a rich businessman hit a stone while crossing the river and his boat capsized. He shouted in the water, "whoever can save me, I will give him 100 two gold!" " A kind fisherman fished him ashore, but the rich merchant only gave him 80 taels. The fisherman accused the rich businessman of breaking his word, while the rich businessman accused him of being too greedy. The next day, the rich merchant still crossed the river by boat, but unfortunately, he fell into the water again. The rich businessman still shouted in the water, "Who can save me from going ashore, I will give him 100 two gold." The fisherman who once saved it told people around him that the rich businessman had broken his word. As a result, no one saved the rich businessman, and he drowned.

From this perspective, the consequences of bad faith are very serious. Moreover, China has had excellent qualities since ancient times, such as "one thousand yuan guarantee" and "all people have died since ancient times, and the people have no faith." Can we abandon this fine tradition?

How to cultivate an honest character? The key is to start with "small things". For example, when I was a child, I borrowed a comic book from a friend or classmate and promised to return it tomorrow. Then you must return the book tomorrow. This is not just a matter of comics. You may not know how happy another person who wants to borrow this book will be when he gets it back on time! And how disappointed will you be when others don't trust you? Therefore, to have integrity, we must first consider others and think for others.

For the respect and trust between people, let's try to be honest people, do more honest things, and make the society full of integrity!

Failure is the mother of success.

In today's world, scientific and technological progress is changing with each passing day, and the competition of comprehensive national strength is becoming increasingly fierce. In this case, innovation ability and innovation achievements become important factors to determine whether a country and nation can win the competition. Encouraging and promoting innovation has become an urgent need to achieve development and progress.

However, everything has the possibility of success or failure, especially innovation as an exploratory practice. For innovators, success is a test and failure is also a test. Indulge in the glory of success, often may stop the pace of progress; Unable to get out of the shadow of failure, it is easy to miss the opportunity of success. Edison, the inventor at that time, tried many times to find a filament that was not easy to burn out, but failed. When many people sighed for his failure, Edison said: I didn't fail, I just found something that didn't meet the requirements. After unremitting efforts, Edison finally invented the electric light and brought light to mankind with science and technology. This story tells us that never giving up is an important condition to realize innovation.

Innovation does not give up, not to say that all innovation activities can be successful, can be a total victory. Innovation is difficult, it can't be done overnight, and it won't be smooth sailing. Innovation is not giving up, but more refers to a spirit, a quality and a pursuit.

Innovation and never giving up are a kind of spirit. This spirit of not being afraid of failure and daring to win. Failure and success, gains and losses are always relative and dialectical. With great efforts, there will be great gains; Great achievements can only be achieved if there is a great realm. Successful innovators understand the dialectics of success and failure is the mother of success. In the process of innovation, it is common for one thing to fail again and again. In the face of failure, we can neither shrink back nor lose heart. Because of a mistake, it can be a good thing as long as it is slightly adjusted; Repeated setbacks, as long as they persist, can always lead to victory. The real failure is often to be devastated after being frustrated, and all success comes from rising from failure and advancing in development.

Innovation and never giving up are a quality. This quality is to face up to difficulties, never back down. The road to innovation is full of dangers, but the infinite scenery is on the peak of danger. As Wang Anshi said, the transcendent world outlook is often to stay away from danger, and what people lack is difficulty, so where there is a will, there is a way. In the face of difficulties and obstacles, "retreat" has no way out, and "timidity" is difficult to win. Innovators should have the heroic spirit of "water under the bridge, destiny takes a hand", and the more frustrated they are, the more courageous they are. There is no royal road to innovation, and only those who are not afraid to climb along steep mountain roads can hope to reach the peak of glory.

Innovation and never giving up is a pursuit. This pursuit is to work hard and forge ahead. Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for a country's prosperity. To promote the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation requires and calls for innovation. Innovation is the pursuit of entrepreneurs, never giving up, and self-confidence and self-improvement is the choice of innovators. Self-confidence can summon up the courage to start again; Self-improvement can stimulate the potential of seeking up and down. Confidence is not conceit. Confident people have self-knowledge, know how to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and will not act rashly. Self-improvement is not being brave. Self-improvement, clear-headed, good at sizing up the situation, and don't stop until you reach your goal.

Innovation is not easy, and victory or defeat is common. Therefore, we should be more understanding and tolerant of those who are committed to innovation and strive to create a social environment and atmosphere conducive to innovation. For successful people, we should present beautiful flowers and give sincere praise; For losers, we should also show full understanding and provide necessary help. Only in this way can the vitality of innovation be generated and the achievements of innovation emerge continuously.