In recent years, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for residential use function and safety are getting higher and higher. Soon after the completion of a large number of housing construction projects, leakage occurred in different parts and to different degrees, such as leakage in external walls, roofs, kitchens and bathrooms, which seriously affected the indoor and outdoor decoration effect and use function, reduced the safety and durability of buildings, and was strongly reflected by users. At present, many buildings in China have leakage problems, and the anti-leakage technology is not particularly mature at present, and there is a time limit. Therefore, the problem of leakage prevention has become a difficult point faced by construction enterprises in construction. Moreover, in China, most of the inspectors of construction projects are completely terminated before delivery, and the problems in the later use can not be controlled. This has caused the construction side to pay insufficient attention to the anti-leakage technology in construction projects, and the anti-leakage construction has not been effectively supervised and guaranteed. Because water leaks into the house or remains in the wall, cracks will appear in the wall or ground, which will reduce the bearing capacity of concrete and thus affect the overall service life of the building.
In construction projects, leakage problems often occur in different locations. Leakage problems are usually classified according to the leakage position, which are mainly divided into the following categories: (1) external wall leakage. (2) The house leaks. (3) The kitchen and bathroom are leaking. (4) Leakage in the basement.
1 wall seepage control measures
Generally, the leakage of external walls is due to the wall structure, or the construction was not carried out in accordance with the construction specifications when anti-seepage painting was done. In view of the leakage problem of the wall, there are mainly the following two anti-leakage measures:
1. 1 Preventing leakage of small block wall
It is a crack caused by a small block structure. In order to prevent cracks, the following points should be generally done: (1) If small blocks must be used in construction, it must be guaranteed that the small blocks have been cured for 28 days before construction. Because if the curing time of small blocks is not enough, after they are completely dried, volume shrinkage will occur and cracks will be left on the wall made of small blocks. (2) After the small blocks enter the construction site, pay attention to the rainproof measures. Because small pieces will swell when they get wet. In this way, after being used in the future, the wall will also crack because of the large shrinkage of small pieces. (3) The proportion and mixing of mortar shall be carried out in strict accordance with the construction specifications. (4) When building walls, it is necessary to avoid small pieces of mixed masonry of two materials. Due to the different expansion coefficients of the small blocks of the two materials, the expansion range is also different after the external temperature changes, which leads to cracks in the wall. (5) Strictly control the laying speed of small blocks. According to the general engineering regulations, the laying speed of small blocks should not exceed 1. 8m/d, which is the key factor to ensure that the wall does not crack. (6) Anti-crack measures should be taken at the joint between masonry and main structure.
1.2 Preventing concrete wall from leaking
To solve the problem of concrete wall leakage, there are mainly the following measures (1). During construction, the concrete external formwork shall be laid on the floor above 100mm, so as to ensure that the external wall concrete and the floor platform concrete are in the same plane, which is convenient for the floor platform concrete and the external wall to vibrate at the same time, and to avoid water seepage at the joints of the floor external wall caused by slurry leakage from the external formwork. (2) The pouring and vibrating of wallboard concrete must be evenly mixed, and vibration shall not be missed, so as to avoid root rot. (3) Before closing the mold, construction joints shall be subjected to construction procedures such as laitance, loose concrete removal and high-pressure cleaning, so as to ensure that the poured concrete joints can be closely connected. (4) The choice of concrete slump should be determined according to the weather conditions and construction height during construction, and once it is determined, the mixture ratio of concrete cannot be changed at will after it is mixed into the construction site. (5) The pouring and vibrating of concrete must be carried out in strict accordance with the construction specifications. After the completion of the above concrete construction steps, real-time maintenance should be carried out according to the construction specifications. Generally, the curing time is not less than one week to prevent concrete from cracking due to solidification and temperature rise.
2 roof leakage prevention technology
Roofing waterproof project is the uppermost structure of a house, which has many functions, such as anti-leakage, bearing capacity, heat preservation and so on. Therefore, if there is any omission in the roof construction, it will cause the leakage problem of the house. Mainly from the following aspects to prevent roof leakage:
(1) Building materials should be selected according to the actual geographical location of the building project, and materials that are in line with the local geographical environment should be selected. The properties of materials mainly include local temperature, rainfall and the properties of materials themselves. The anti-leakage materials used must have the factory certificate, and different kinds of materials should be used according to different construction specifications.
For example, waterproofing membrane cracks, mainly temperature difference deformation, inadequate protection of semi-finished products during construction, and quality problems of the membrane itself. In view of the above problems, the following measures have been taken in the construction: ① The leveling layer is provided with frame joints, the spacing between frame joints is not more than 6m, additional coiled material is attached to the frame joints, and one side is pasted and covered; (2) improve the paste process, so that the waterproof layer is separated from the base as far as possible, and the coil sealing paste is tightly sealed within 800mm around the roof; ③ Strengthen the construction treatment of deformation joints and strengthen the protection of semi-finished products during construction; (4) the waterproof coiled material must have a quality certificate, and through the sampling review.
(2) When pouring reinforced concrete, there should be no interruption, in order to prevent the two pouring times from being different, especially when the temperature drops, cracks appear between the two pouring concrete, which is more prone to leakage problems. Especially after the completion of concrete pouring, vibrating treatment and post-curing must be carried out in time to ensure the pouring quality of concrete, which is an important measure to improve the quality of roof panels.
(3) As an important step of roof leakage prevention measures, the construction of leveling layer is particularly important. In order to improve the anti-leakage quality of the leveling layer, water must be sprayed before construction. It is necessary to ensure the rigidity, strength and integrity of the leveling layer, and also pay attention to its overall slope to avoid rainwater leakage.
(4) Before the waterproof layer construction, the roof, gutter and other infrastructure must be strictly inspected to avoid water accumulation and leakage caused by the quality problems of these facilities. After the completion of the construction, we should also pay attention to the maintenance of the waterproof layer to avoid placing heavy objects on it and causing damage to it during other construction. At the same time, it is necessary to do a closed water test.
(5) prevent roof water. (1) Control the drainage slope and drainage line in strict accordance with the design requirements. (2) Control the gutter capacity, the diameter and quantity of downpipes and the water accumulation area. According to the specification, the inner diameter of the downspout is not less than 75 mm, and the accumulated water area is not more than 200 m ... (3) The elevation of the downcomer is controlled to be more than 30mm lower than the leveling layer of the gutter wall, and the length of the 500 mm around the downcomer is not less than 5%.
3 strategies to prevent toilet leakage in housing construction projects
3. 1 Do the basic work well
The leakage prevention of toilet is an important work, which not only affects the use function, but also affects the neighborhood relationship. Therefore, special attention should be paid before construction, and a special construction plan should be prepared before construction. First of all, we should carefully check the structural base and repair some defects such as cracks, honeycombs and pits. Around the junction of wall and floor slab, concrete pouring should be set, and the pouring height should be greater than 150cm to avoid corner leakage. All kinds of plate-piercing pipes and reserved holes should be installed to prevent leakage, and the debugging is completed. Then a 24-hour closed water test shall be carried out, and the waterproof layer construction can be carried out only after no leakage is observed. At the same time, attention should be paid to the finished product protection of waterproof layer and its decorative layer.
3.2 Strengthen the management of toilet anti-leakage technology.
In order to improve the service life of the building, it is necessary to control the building quality of the bathroom, use anti-leakage materials with standard performance, and establish a good drainage system and an effective quality management system in the bathroom, so as to better promote the improvement of the construction technology of anti-leakage building in the bathroom and make contributions to improving the quality and service life of the building. The improvement of construction technology of toilet anti-leakage building can not only ensure the quality of toilet building, but also prolong the service life of building and ensure the sustainable recycling of building. The design scheme should be scientific and reasonable: before the start of construction, the designer should fully consider the surrounding environment of the construction site, design a distinctive and innovative scientific and reasonable design scheme, understand the environment, climate, surrounding buildings and other conditions where the design scheme project is located, go deep into the project site for on-the-spot investigation, find out the places that have not been observed before, and modify the design scheme in time to make it more in line with the installation scheme. In addition, the designer should also supervise the construction personnel to carry out the construction in strict accordance with the design drawings, and shall not arbitrarily change the design contents of the design drawings to avoid serious consequences.
3.3 Use high-quality building materials
With the development of economy, the anti-leakage technology of toilet buildings has also been improved, and the performance of anti-leakage materials is more and more in line with the requirements of quality standards, which has a great role in promoting the construction technology of anti-leakage buildings in toilets. Anti-seepage materials with good performance can effectively resist the erosion of stagnant water, thus ensuring the quality of buildings and preventing water leakage and seepage. At the same time, anti-leakage materials with better performance can also improve the corrosion resistance of buildings, effectively protect toilet buildings, improve the quality of buildings and ensure the service life of buildings.
3.4 Waterproofing agent is used in wall construction.
The surface wall of the bathroom should be coated with high-efficiency silicone impermeability agent. The impermeability agent is directly sprayed on the concrete surface and penetrates into the concrete surface, and the tiny cracks on the concrete surface are completely filled by the pouring and curing effect of the impermeability agent on the concrete. It should be noted that before applying the impermeability agent, the surface of the bathroom should be treated at the grass-roots level to ensure that there are no attachments such as air holes on the concrete surface, and then the impermeability agent should be applied to the clean surface. In addition, it is necessary to design the leakage prevention system reasonably and effectively, which is an effective measure to improve the leakage prevention technology. Reasonable design of anti-leakage system is a direct factor to improve anti-leakage construction technology.
4 basement leakage prevention
4. 1 joint deformation and leakage prevention measures
In the whole underground waterproofing project, the generation and deformation of cracks are particularly important. Usually, deformation cracks are mainly caused by the performance degradation of building materials, and the physical properties such as ductility of materials can not meet the use standards, resulting in cracks after temperature or humidity changes. Generally, water stop belts are used to prevent deformation joints. In the process of installation and use, the quality of water stop must be guaranteed, and installation can only be carried out without any quality problems. When pouring concrete after installation, it should also ensure that the water stop is not deformed by extrusion.
4.2 concrete leakage prevention measures
The root of general concrete leakage is the choice of cement. On the premise of ensuring the quality of cement, cement with grade strength of about 1.5-2 is generally selected. 0 times the design strength.
4.3 Prevention measures for leakage of connecting joints
After the concrete joint surface hardens, the cement film or concrete often falls off, resulting in joint leakage. In view of the above problems, the joints of concrete are generally cleaned before construction, and then a layer of cement mortar is laid after it is dried to make the joint structure easier. It should be noted that the label of cement mortar should be as close as possible to the label of concrete. The joint between the floor and the wall should be set on the wall, and the height of the joint from the ground should not be less than 300 mm
5 conclusion
At present, the leakage problem in industrial and civil buildings in China is very serious. In order to solve these problems, construction enterprises should not only strictly follow the construction design, but also take corresponding preventive measures against leakage problems, especially in places where leakage problems are prone to occur. Only in this way can we ensure the quality of the whole building, prolong the service life of the house, improve people's quality of life and create a comfortable living environment.
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