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paramecium
Field: animal kingdom
Door; Protozoa; Ciliary door; Memory animals.
Family: paramecidae
Paramecium is a small cylindrical protozoa with only one cell, which is a single-celled animal and hermaphrodite. The most common is paramecium caudatum. The body length is only 180-280 microns. It and amoeba have the shortest life span, which is about one day and night in hours. It is called paramecium because it looks like an upside-down kusanagi on the plane.
catalogue
3. Introduction
Organelles and their functions ................................................................................ IV
Function in ecological environment ...........................................................................................................................................................................
Type ... type ... type.
Structure of paramecium .......... 5.
Points for attention in paramecium observation
brief introduction
paramecium
The whole body of paramecium is composed of one cell, and there are a pair of heteromorphic nuclei in the body, namely, vegetative nucleus (also called macronucleus) and reproductive nucleus (also called genetic nucleus and micronucleus). In the process of division and reproduction, micronucleus divides and disappears, and micronucleus gradually grows to form new megakaryon and micronucleus, so it is called eukaryote. Its body surface is covered with a surface film, which not only maintains the shape of paramecium, but also is responsible for internal and external gas exchange, absorbing oxygen in water and discharging carbon dioxide. There are nearly ten thousand cilia on the membrane, which rotate in the water by the strokes of cilia. There is a small concave groove on one side of its body, called "mouth groove", which is equivalent to the "mouth" of paramecium. When the dense cilia in the mouth groove swing, bacteria and organic debris in the water can be put into the mouth groove as food, and then enter the paramecium for slow digestion and absorption. The residue is discharged from the anal canal.
There are many ways of paramecium reproduction, which can be divided into asexual reproduction, zygotic reproduction, endoscopic reproduction, self-mating and cytoplasmic mating.
There are many single-celled organisms in the biosphere, which are all around us and closely related to our life and production, and paramecium is one of them. Paramecium paramecium can be used to purify sewage.
Cell organelles and their functions
The functional division of paramecium organelles is as follows:
Cell mouth (mouth groove): Feeding It is estimated that a paramecium can form about 60 food vacuoles per hour, and each food vacuole contains about 30 bacteria. Therefore, a paramecium can swallow about 43,000 bacteria every day, which has a certain purification effect on sewage.
Surface film: oxygen intake and carbon dioxide emission pass through the surface film.
Megakaryon: nutritional metabolism
Micronucleus: contains genetic material and has reproductive function.
Food vacuole: Food vacuole is produced by the endocytosis of paramecium. After entering the cell, it will fuse with the primary lysosome to form the secondary lysosome.
Food vacuoles move with the cytoplasm, and the food inside is gradually digested.
Shrink vacuole and collecting tube: collect metabolic waste and excess water and excrete them.
Anal cells: excrete undigested food residues.
Cilia: auxiliary movement, paramecium rotates in water by the oscillation of cilia.
Food excretion channel
Mouth groove (food intake)-food vacuole (digestion)-anus (excretion)
Function in ecological environment
Paramecium belongs to the most primitive and lowest protozoa in the animal kingdom. It likes to live in paddy fields, ditches or ponds with high organic matter content and feeds on bacteria and unicellular algae. It is estimated that a paramecium can form about 60 food vacuoles per hour, and each food vacuole contains about 30 bacteria. Therefore, a paramecium can swallow about 43200 bacteria every day, which has a certain purification effect on sewage.
kind
Classification of paramecium: paramecium belongs to ciliata, memory order, paramecidae. There are 22 species of paramecium reported in the world.
Paramecium structure
At least the following are common in China.
1. paramecium giganteum, also known as paramecium caudatum, has a body length of 180-280 microns, and its rear end is conical with a cone apex angle of about 45 to 60 degrees. Both contraction bubbles have collecting tubes. There is a small nucleus, compact and oval. Living in stagnant water or slow flow with more organic matter.
2. The body length of paramecium bicephalum is 80- 170μ m, which is similar to that of paramecium caudatum, but the rear part is wider than the front part, and the rear end is tapered with a vertex angle of nearly 90 degrees. There are two contraction bubbles, and the collection tube is short. There are two small nuclei, very small and bubble-shaped. Living environment is the same as paramecium.
3. The length of paramecium is180-310 micron, which looks like paramecium caudatum and sometimes has three contraction vacuoles. There are 3- 12 nucleated vesicles. Living environment is the same as paramecium.
4. The body length of paramecium is 80- 150 micron. There are green algae in the cytoplasm, which are green after being cultured under light. A small core, compact. Living in a clear pond.
5. Some strains of paramecium can produce a toxin (paramecin), which can kill other strains of paramecium, but it is harmless to itself. So the strain that can produce toxins is called toxic paramecium; The strain that can be killed is called sensitive paramecium and cannot produce paramecin. The toxin produced by paramecium is determined by two factors. One is that its cytoplasm contains a special particle called Kappaparti-cle, which is about 0.2 microns in diameter and 1 ~ 5 microns in length, and contains DNA, RNA, protein, sugar and so on. It is now recognized as endosperm. It can replicate and mutate itself, and the number of κ particles in each cell can range from several to hundreds. Paramecium is produced by kappa granules. Another factor is that its nucleus contains the dominant gene K. When nuclear gene K and carbapenem * * * are stored in one cell, paramecium can produce toxin, which shows that detoxification is determined by carbapenem and dominant gene K***. Kabaps can only be replicated under the action of K gene, and paramecium without nuclear gene K of Kabaps can't produce toxin, because nuclear gene K can't replicate Kabaps without Kabaps. Although paramecium with only κ granules without K gene can be poisoned at first, κ granules can't be replicated due to continuous cell division, and κ granules become less and less, and finally (after about 5 ~ 8 generations) it becomes a sensitive type without κ granules. The genotypes of highly toxic and susceptible paramecium are as follows:
Toxic sensitive type
Potassium/potassium+kappa potassium/potassium
Potassium/potassium+kappa potassium/potassium
Potassium/potassium+kappa potassium/potassium
Matters needing attention in paramecium observation
Under the microscope, it is best to put a proper amount of cotton fiber on the glass slide to prevent paramecium from moving.
Edit the living environment of this paragraph.
I like living in ponds, ditches and depressions rich in organic matter. Most paramecium is animal nutrition, but paramecium is an exception, it contains * * * green algae, which can use the nitrogen-containing waste excreted by animals as the source of inorganic salts to make organic matter (belonging to plant nutrition) through plant-type photosynthesis. Paramecium can survive in anoxic or anaerobic environment and has strong tolerance to pollution.
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