People's sovereignty: the government is controlled by the people.

* * * and the government: representatives who decide policies are elected by the people.

Restricted government: the behavior of the government is restricted by law.

Decentralization: Decentralization to prevent one department from monopolizing.

Federal system: guarantee the power of the state government.

From the debate and struggle of drafting the constitution, we can foresee the difficulty of constitutional approval. After signing the constitution, the delegates began to work hard to get the constitution passed in the state legislature. Different from the Confederate regulations, the delegates agreed that as long as nine states ratify the constitution, it can take effect, and each state needs to hold its own meeting to ratify it.

In the struggle to approve the constitution, one side is a federalist who supports the powerful central government and approves the constitution, and the other side is an anti-federalist who opposes the drafting and approval of the constitution. Most of the delegates who signed the constitution were federalists, which had two advantages over their opponents. They have the experience of defending the constitution and the understanding of the constitution gained from the drafting process, as well as the property that can affect the state legislature election. The advantage of anti-federalists is that they just need to maintain the status quo.

In the influential New York State, from 17871October 27th to May 28th of the following year, the Federalist Anthology written by alexander hamilton, james madison and john jay had a great influence on the ratification of the Constitution [33]. The counter-attacks of anti-federalists mainly focus on the fact that the constitution created by a few people may produce an oligarchic government, and the government may seize people's rights and freedoms. This came from Montesquieu's theory, which had a great influence at that time. Freedom can only be guaranteed under the legislative system of direct representation or representative system of small constituencies. James madison's * * * and state system were not deeply rooted in people's hearts at that time.

Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia and Connecticut quickly ratified the Constitution. In Massachusetts, the site of the 1786 Shays uprising, federalists promised to enact a bill of rights before narrowly approving the constitution. Maryland and South Carolina also quickly ratified the Constitution by a huge margin. Although the ninth state, New Hampshire, approved the constitution in June 1788, which reached the number of states required for the constitution to take effect, and officially confirmed the status of the constitution [34], it is of little significance for the constitution to take effect if New York and Virginia do not approve the constitution. The commitment to the Bill of Rights made the Constitution narrowly passed in Virginia. In New York State, Washington persuaded edmund randolph, the anti-federalist leader, to promise to amend the Constitution again, and the federalist-controlled city of new york threatened independence, so that the Constitution was passed by a narrow margin. North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify their constitutions until the passage of the American Bill of Rights.

The adoption of the constitution may be attributed to the persistence of anti-federalists, which eventually forced federalists to amend the constitution to protect individual freedom. In order to prevent the government from abusing its power [35], james madison, who opposed joining the provisions of the Bill of Rights, collected more than 200 reservations made by various states on the Constitution, which were later summarized as 17 amendments, and the Congress deleted five of them. Amendments to 1789 and 12 were submitted to the states for approval. Among them, 10 was adopted on 179 1 2 and became the top ten constitutional amendments. Article 1 1 was finally passed through 203 articles, that is, article 1992, which became the 27th amendment to the Constitution. 12 is still under discussion.

The Bill of Rights came into effect when it was ratified in Virginia. This enables citizens' rights to be protected at the national level, without too many restrictions on the power of the States, and without relying on the laws of the States and the state bill of rights. It was not until the American Civil War that the 14 constitutional amendment was passed that the powers of the states began to be greatly restricted.